The instruction cycle

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Information Cycle

A computer takes input uses stored instructions to process and store that data, and then produces output

storage device

A mechanical apparatus that records data to and retrieves data from a storage unit.

L1

A small piece of cache.

Lands

Non-pitted surface areas on a CD that represent digital data. (See also pits.)

L2

On top of level 1.

L3

On top of level 2.

read-only memory (ROM)

Permanent storage; instructions are burned onto chips by the manufacturer.

instruction cycle

Refers to the process in which a computer executes a single instruction.

Storage Medium and Storage Device

Storage technology consists of two main components:

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Temporary memory a computer uses to store information while it is processing.

instruction pointer

The address of the next instruction to be fetched by the CPU is held in the __________.

read/write head

The mechanism that retrieves (reads) and records (writes) the magnetic data to and from a data disk.

Storage medium

The physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information.

parallel processing

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously.

pipeline processing

When a processor begins to execute an instruction before it completes the previous instruction.

microprocessor clock

a timing device that sets the pace for executing instructions

Serial processing

carrying out one operation at a time, such as pronouncing one word at a time

pits

dark spots

remote storage

housed on an external device that can be accessed from a network

Optical Storage

represents data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disc surface

Magnetic Storage

represents data by magnetizing microscopic particles on a disk or tape surface

CPU Cache

special high-speed memory that allows a microprocessor to access data more rapidly than from memory located elsewhere on the system board

Solid State Storage

stores data in erasable, rewritable circuitry, rather than on spinning disks or streaming tape


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