Biology Unit 4 FINAL
If you pound a nail into a tree 3 feet off the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, it will be __________. -more than 3 feet off the ground and the same depth in the tree -3 feet off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree -more than 3 feet off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree -3 feet off the ground and the same depth in the tree
-3 feet off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree
Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants. How does it work? -A pollen grain delivers two sperm. One fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with two haploid nuclei to form the triploid endosperm. -Two sperm fertilize a single egg cell, producing a triploid zygote. -A pollen grain delivers two sperm and therefore can fertilize two egg cells. -none of the above
-A pollen grain delivers two sperm. One fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with two haploid nuclei to form the triploid endosperm.
Which represents a realistic scenario of sustainable forest management? -Timber harvest and tree clearing will have to be accelerated to keep up with human demands; forests will regenerate very quickly as long as new fast-growing tree species are planted after cutting. -All logging will have to stop immediately to allow forests to recover their former health and diversity. At this point the forests can be used for study, tourism, and as a source of medicines. -Forest lands will be replaced by fast-growing crops that produce all of the needed fuel and fiber. Synthetic composites will replace wood lumber, and other products will be invented to fill other human needs. -A range of forest uses, including some timber harvest and forest clearing, will be managed to fit within the slow natural ability of forests to regenerate.
-A range of forest uses, including some timber harvest and forest clearing, will be managed to fit within the slow natural ability of forests to regenerate.
What do auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene have in common? -All of the listed hormones achieve their effects by stimulating or inhibiting cell division or cell elongation. -All of the listed hormones are gases. -All of the listed hormones have effects on target cells found throughout a plant. -All of the listed hormones achieve their effects only when present in large amounts.
-All of the listed hormones achieve their effects by stimulating or inhibiting cell division or cell elongation.
Which of the following correctly lists the plant groups from evolutionarily most primitive to most advanced? -Bryophytes - Lycophytes - Pterophytes - Gymnosperms - Angiosperms -Lycophytes - Bryophytes - Pterophytes - Angiosperms - Gymnosperms -Bryophytes - Lycophytes - Gymnosperms - Pterophytes - Angiosperms -Pterophytes - Gymnosperms - Bryophytes - Angiosperms - Lycophytes -Gymnosperms - Bryophytes - Pterophytes - Lycophytes - Angiosperms
-Bryophytes - Lycophytes - Pterophytes - Gymnosperms - Angiosperms
Which statement correctly describes the alternation of generations in a plant life cycle? -Diploid gametophytes that produce gametes by meiosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce spores by mitosis. -Diploid gametophytes that produce spores by mitosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce gametes by meiosis. -Diploid sporophytes that produce gametes by meiosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce gametes by mitosis. -Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.
-Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.
Which statement is false? -Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system. -The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll. -The pith of a stem is often important in food storage. -Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
-Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
Why do seeds need water to germinate? -Water provides energy. -Water activates the chlorophyll molecules so that photosynthesis can begin. -Following hydration, enzymes break down stored food and make it available for the embryo. -Water dissolves the minerals in the soil so that they become available to the seed.
-Following hydration, enzymes break down stored food and make it available for the embryo.
Why is gravitropism in plants important? -Gravitropism is the primary tropism, orienting the shoot system above ground. -Gravitropism directs the roots to the best underground water supply. -Gravitropism orients the roots in a downward direction to better serve the purpose of anchorage and water uptake. -Gravitropism allows plant tendrils to wrap around surrounding objects and hold the plant up.
-Gravitropism orients the roots in a downward direction to better serve the purpose of anchorage and water uptake.
How does plant growth change if the terminal bud is removed or its growth is otherwise hindered? -New leaves appear on internodes. -Growth of axillary buds is inhibited. -Growth of axillary buds is stimulated so the plant grows outward instead of just upward. -The plant quickly flowers in an attempt to reproduce.
-Growth of axillary buds is stimulated so the plant grows
How does plant growth change if the terminal bud is removed or its growth is otherwise hindered? -The plant quickly flowers in an attempt to reproduce. -Growth of axillary buds is stimulated so the plant grows outward instead of just upward. -new leaves appear on internodes -growth of axillary buds is inhibited
-Growth of axillary buds is stimulated so the plant grows outward instead of just upward.
A student decides to set up an experiment in which he adds an auxin to one of two beds of growing flowering plants to observe the elongation. Two weeks after applying an auxin to that bed, rather than increased elongation, he notes that the plants to which auxin was added are losing their leaves. What is the most likely reason for this lack of elongation? -The auxin he applied does not have the same effect on all plants. -Auxins cause cell elongation. He was looking at the entire plant and not using a microscope to look at the cells. -He did not add enough of the auxin to the experimental plant bed. -He must have added too much of the auxin to the experimental plant bed.
-He must have added too much of the auxin to the experimental plant bed.
What is one adaptive advantage for deciduous plants that lose their leaves during the winter? -If leaves are damaged by frost, the tree will die. -It prevents water loss from leaves when soil water is unavailable due to freezing. -A layer of leaves on the ground helps keep plant roots warm. -Production of new leaves each spring uses less energy than supporting old leaves all winter.
-It prevents water loss from leaves when soil water is unavailable due to freezing.
You have just collected a plant with a large, underground structure. How can you tell if it is a modified shoot or a root? -Green color would denote the presence of chlorophyll, indicating that this is a shoot. -All underground plant parts are considered to be part of the root system. -Look for either buds or root hairs. -Use a simple test to look for accumulated starch in the internal tissues.
-Look for either buds or root hairs.
A student wanted to plant an avocado seed to try to grow an avocado plant, but she could not tell which end of the seed was the bottom and which was the top. She asked her friends what she should do. Which friend's suggestion will have the highest success of growing the avocado plant? -One friend said to put the seed in any direction, because as the seed is watered, it will be able to detect the direction the water is coming from and point the shoots that way. -One friend suggested a compromise: Put the seed sideways, since gravity will ensure that the shoots grow up and the roots grow down. -One friend said it doesn't matter in which direction the seed is planted as long as there is a strong light on the soil, since the shoots will seek the light and turn the seed right side up.
-One friend suggested a compromise: Put the seed sideways, since gravity will ensure that the shoots grow up and the roots grow down.
Mimosa plants spread their leaflets during the day and fold them at night. You decide to design an experiment to test whether Mimosa's leaf movements are controlled by a biological clock. Which experiment would be the best test of your hypothesis? -Putting the plant under a bright light in the middle of the day. If the leaves close, a biological clock mechanism is ruled out. -Subjecting the plant to a flash of red light in the middle of the night. If the leaves open at the usual time the next morning, a biological clock mechanism is ruled out. -Putting the plant in a dark closet at nightfall. Check on the plant at noon the next day, while the plant is still in the closet. If the leaves are open, a biological clock is indicated. -Growing the plant indoors and turning the lights on in the middle of the night. If a biological clock is controlling leaf movement, the leaves will open.
-Putting the plant in a dark closet at nightfall. Check on the plant at noon the next day, while the plant is still in the closet. If the leaves are open, a biological clock is indicated.
in regards to moisture retention the first land plants...
-Stayed close to water- i.e were restricted to moist habitats, and close to the ground -Developed a waterproof cuticle and stomata to control gas exchange
A number of studies have found that for many plants there is an increase in seed production under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels. What is a likely explanation for this phenomenon? -The energy needed to produce seeds comes from carbon dioxide. -Increased carbon dioxide levels cause increased cell respiration, which is needed to produce more seeds. -The carbon needed to produce new plant molecules through photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.
-The carbon needed to produce new plant molecules through photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.
Which of the following traits or adaptations of the very first land plants was likely most important in helping to insure their survival? -The development of a waxy cuticle to prevent them from drying out. -The production of dormant seeds by sexual reproduction. -The production of cell walls fortified with lignin to support the plant. -The ability to convert light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. -The development of multicellularity so that different tissues & organs could have specialized functions.
-The development of a waxy cuticle to prevent them from drying out.
Which of the following is true of seed plants, but not of seedless plants? -The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte. -The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte. -Sporangia are present. -The sporophyte is large, and the gametophyte is small and independent.
-The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
The event that triggers fruit formation is the growth of a pollen tube through the carpel of a flower. Identify a reasonable hypothesis about the basis of this effect. -Pollen tubes grow in response to a cytokinin produced by the fruit. -The growing pollen tube responds to auxins and/or gibberellins. -Pollen tubes grow in response to abscisic acid. -The growing pollen tube produces ethylene.
-The growing pollen tube responds to auxins and/or gibberellins.
A vascular cambium cell divides to produce an inner and an outer daughter cell. Which outcome represents the probable fate of these cells? -The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will differentiate into phloem. -Both cells continue to divide to produce wood. -Both cells will continue to divide without differentiating into specialized cells.
-The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will differentiate into phloem.
Which of the following statements about, or comparisons between xylem vs. phloem cells/tissues is false (or incorrect)? -Xylem transports mainly water & minerals while phloem transports mainly sugars, amino acids & minerals. -Transport cells in xylem are mainly sclerenchyma cells while transport cells in phloem are mainly parenchyma cells. -The development of xylem & phloem allowed small land plants to evolve into large tall land plants. -The direction of transport in xylem is mainly upwards while the direction of phloem transport can be upwards or downwards. -The main transport cells in both xylem and phloem are dead at maturity.
-The main transport cells in both xylem and phloem are dead at maturity.
Ethylene function
-The only gaseous plant hormone -promotes fruit ripening -promotes the triples response (inhibits stem elongation, promotes stem diameter growth, promotes downward curling) -inhibits stem elongation -promotes flowering in some plants
A vandal killed a historic oak tree on the village green by girdling it with a chain saw. He cut through the bark and into the sapwood all the way around the tree. Why did the tree die? -The roots could not get food. -The leaves could not get carbon dioxide. -Oxygen could not get to the roots. -the leaves could not get food
-The roots could not get food.
Why do angiosperms expend great amounts of energy to produce a seed when seedless plants were so successful? -The seed houses a completely developed plant. -This is a way to allocate excess metabolites. -The seed contains an embryonic plant and a food source for its development in one compact, hardy structure. -The seed is lighter and easier to disperse when compared to fern or bryophyte spores.
-The seed contains an embryonic plant and a food source for its development in one compact, hardy structure.
We know that if you place a houseplant on a windowsill, it will soon orient its leaves toward the light. Turning the plant will cause it to orient its leaves again. Removal of the terminal bud stops this response. Which of the following is most likely the cause of this "lack of flexibility"? -Photosynthesis halts when the terminal bud is removed from a plant. -Removing the terminal bud causes the plant to produce a substance that halts movement. -The substances utilized in response to light are produced in the terminal bud. -Removing the terminal bud causes the plant to stop growing.
-The substances utilized in response to light are produced in the terminal bud.
Which of the following statement about the life cycle of the mosses is false (or incorrect)? -There are both male and female plants in the mosses. -The sporophyte of mosses emerges from (or grows out of) the gametophyte. -Sperm cells of mosses must swim to reach and fertilize egg cells. -The zygote of mosses divides by meiosis to produce the haploid cells that become the sporophyte. -Haploid spores of mosses are produced in the sporangium of the sporophyte.
-The zygote of mosses divides by meiosis to produce the haploid cells that become the sporophyte.
A 20-foot-tall tree that seemed to have stopped growing was cut down by the owner who was concerned that it might be diseased. She had planted it 43 years earlier. Measurements over the past 10 years had shown that the tree's height varied only 2 or 3 inches each year, some years with a height increase and some years with a height decrease. Other data indicated that the tree had 41 rings of similar width and had produced similar numbers of nuts every year for the last 30 years. Based on these data, which conclusion was most likely a part of the forester's report on the tree's health? -The tree did not grow taller because it was putting all of its energy production into nut production. -All growth in this tree stopped 10 years ago. -This was a healthy tree that had reached its mature height but otherwise continued normal growth. -Overactivity of the tree's apical meristems likely caused the stunted growth.
-This was a healthy tree that had reached its mature height but otherwise continued normal growth.
in transitioning from aquatic to land, the first land plants had vascular tissue comprised of...
-Xylem: dead cylindrical cells that conduct water and minerals upwards -Phloem: living cylindrical cells that conduct sugars throughout the plant
Imagine that a biologist discovers a new species of green algae that has a cuticle-like waxy coating and some rudimentary structures for containing and protecting the gametes. These clues suggest that the new species is very similar to the direct ancestors of the land plants. Where would such a find most likely occur? -in a deep, cold mountain lake with a very stable water level -mats of algae that hang near the ocean's surface, similar to the floating seaweed mats seen in the Sargasso Sea -a deep-sea hydrothermal vent community -a lakeshore or marsh with water levels that rise and fall frequently
-a lakeshore or marsh with water levels that rise and fall frequently
During experiments with shoot tips' response to light, the Darwins concluded that phototropism is caused by __________, Boysen-Jensen added that phototropism is caused by __________, and Went further added that phototropism is caused by __________. -auxin; a signal; a chemical -a chemical; a signal; auxin -a signal; a chemical; auxin -a signal;. auxin; a chemical
-a signal; a chemical; auxin
What is a characteristic of eudicots? -parallel leaf venation -a flower with six petals -a taproot system -vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
-a taproot system
Abscisic acid was once referred to as the "abscission hormone" (hence the name). Why is the term abscisic acid really a misnomer? -"Leaf fall" is the modern term for leaf abscission. -Abscisic acid was named before the chemical structure was discovered. It is actually a base. -abscisic acid does not play a major role in leaf abscission. -Abscisic acid works in concert with auxin to promote leaf fall.
-abscisic acid does not play a major role in leaf abscission.
According to the hypothesis discussed in your text, the immediate, direct effect of auxin in cell elongation is to __________. -increase the hydrostatic pressure in cells, stretching their walls -activate proton (H+) pumps -move water into vacuoles -shift the pH and thus activate --enzymes that break the hydrogen bonds in the cell wall
-activate proton (H+) pumps
What is a seed composed of? -an ovary and the egg cells within it -an embryo plus the endosperm (food supply) -an embryo surrounded by a protective outer covering called the seed coat -an embryo, the endosperm (food supply), and the seed coat
-an embryo, the endosperm (food supply), and the seed coat
A species of tree produces clusters of dense, fleshy red berries. The seeds of this tree are most likely dispersed by _____. -mammals that carry the fruits as hitchhikers on their fur -animals that eat the fruits and defecate the seeds -wind -Water
-animals that eat the fruits and defecate the seeds
Synthetic auxins are used commercially -to promote seed germination. -to promote flowering in ornamental crops. -as a broadleaf weed killer. -to promote side branching to produce bushier crops.
-as a broadleaf weed killer.
In all plants, the zygote and earliest stages of the developing embryo are -enclosed within a pollen grain. -attached to and nourished by the parent plant. -enclosed within a seed. -able to disperse in a tough-walled spore
-attached to and nourished by the parent plant.
Shoot branching is controlled mainly by the interaction of -auxins and gibberellins. -gibberellins and cytokinins. -auxins and cytokinins. -cytokinins and abscisic acid.
-auxins and cytokinins.
How does phytochrome control flowering? -by detecting differences in temperature in the spring -by sensing sunrise and sunset -by disrupting the plant's photoperiod -by inducing differentiation of cells in the apical meristem
-by sensing sunrise and sunset
Ground coffee is made from the seeds of several plants belonging to the genus Coffea. What does the chemical caffeine do in the plant? -Caffeine is a source of nutrition for the plant. -Caffeine stimulates the plant's nervous system. -Caffeine makes the plant move toward the light. -caffeine is toxic to many herbivores
-caffeine is toxic to many herbivores
The growth that pushes a root down through the soil takes place through -cell elongation behind the root tip. -differentiation of xylem cells in the apical meristem. -cell division in the apical meristem. -cell elongation at the tip of the root cap.
-cell elongation behind the root tip.
Which of the following methods has NOT been important in determining the time and place of domestication of various crop plants? -direct examination and comparison of plant structures -genetic analysis -comparing seed size in various modern varieties of domesticated wheat -microscopic analysis of organelle distribution
-comparing seed size in various modern varieties of domesticated wheat
You are interested in determining what part of a plant is sensitive to light so you can study phototropism. A good first experiment would be to __________. -cover one part (for instance, the tip or base) of the plant before beginning light treatments -remove the apical meristem and replace it with auxin before beginning light treatments -shine light from one side only, then measure the auxin diffusing down the stem on the lighted and shaded sides -spray auxin on just one part of the plant at a time to see which one stimulates flowering
-cover one part (for instance, the tip or base) of the plant before beginning light treatments
The protective layer that forms between the abscission layer and the stem consists of _____. -weak, colorless, thin-walled cells -densely colored cells filled with a waxy layer -mycorrhizae -irregularly shaped cells with very thick, lignified secondary walls -a layer of green palisade cells
-densely colored cells filled with a waxy layer
Under what conditions would you expect a plant to have the highest concentration of abscisic acid (ABA)? -wet tropical rain forest -houseplant growing in low light conditions -desert after a long drought -cool environment after a heavy rain
-desert after a long drought
Which of these is unique to flowering plants? -haploid gametophytes -double fertilization -a dominant sporophyte generation -an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue -pollen production
-double fertilization
In the autumn, the amount of __________ increases and the amount of __________ decreases in leaf stalks, causing a plant to drop fruit and leaves. -cytokinin; abscisic acid -gibberellin; abscisic acid -ethylene; auxin -auxin; ethylene
-ethylene; auxin
A root hair is a(n).... -specialized root epidermal cell multicellular extension of the root epidermis -extension of the endodermis of roots -extension of an individual cell and a structure that absorbs water from soil
-extension of an individual cell and a structure that absorbs water from soil
Which combination of traits would you expect in the female and male flowers of a wind-pollinated plant? -female: drab with no carpel; male: drab with small anthers -female: drab with large sticky stigmas; male: drab with few, small anthers -female: drab with large sticky stigmas; male: drab with many large anthers -female: showy with small stigma; male: showy and heavily scented with small anthers
-female: drab with large sticky stigmas; male: drab with many large anthers
__________ promote(s) seed germination and __________ inhibit(s) seed germination.
-gibberellins; abscisic acid
A cocklebur is dispersed by ________, whereas most fleshy, edible fruits are eaten by animals that ________ -water currents; defecate the intact seeds -wind; fully digest the fruits, including the seeds, which are killed -hitching rides on animals; fully digest the fruits, including the seeds, which are killed -hitching rides on animals; defecate the intact seeds
-hitching rides on animals; defecate the intact seeds
in pines, an embryo is a(n).... -immature male gametophyte -seed -food reserve for the immature sporophyte -immature sporophyte
-immature sporophyte
In leaf abscission, the abscission layer forms where the -leaf stalk joins the stem. -leaf stalk joins the leaf. -root joins the stem. -axillary bud joins the stem.
-leaf stalk joins the stem.
which of the following correctly lists the groups of plants from evolutionarily most primitive to most advanced? -gymnosperms-lycophytes-mosses-ferns-liverworts -lycophytes-liverworts-ferns-gymnosperms-mosses -mosses-liverworts-ferns-lycophytes-gymnosperms -ferns-mosses-gymnosperms-liverworts-lychophytes -liverworts-mosses-lycophytes-ferns-gymnosperms
-liverworts-mosses-lycophytes-ferns-gymnosperms
A small, upright plant that resembles a tiny upright pine tree with club shaped strobili and microphylls is a -lycophyte -fern -conifer -byrophyte -horsetail
-lycophyte
In exploring for coal deposits, geologists sometimes look for fossil indicators: fossilized remains of Carboniferous plants. Which of the following combinations in a sample would suggest the presence of rocks that might bear coal beds? -lycophytes and gymnosperms -angiosperms and mosses -lycophytes and tree ferns -mosses and liverworts, but no vascular plants
-lycophytes and tree ferns
I have just finished landscaping my yard and have a rather large area of exposed soil. Which group of plants should I plant to minimize erosion? -eudicots -monocots -Either monocots or eudicots would work in this situation. -You would want to mulch the area and worry about planting later.
-monocots
In plant biology, the phrase "alternation of generations" most correctly means that . . . -some plants can switch between sexual & asexual reproduction during their life cycles. -many plants have both a haploid life form and a diploid life form that are both required for sexual reproduction. -many plants produce a gametophyte life form that mates with a sporophyte life form. -most plants have both a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage that exist during their life cycles. -most plants are able to alternate between producing male reproductive structures & female reproductive structures.
-most plants have both a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage that exist during their life cycles.
characteristics of aquatic plants
-no rigid tissues, supported by water -obtain CO2 and minerals directly from water -absorb light and perform photosynthesis over entire body
In which of the following locations would you LEAST expect to find a lichen growing? -in the Arctic tundra -hanging from a tree branch in a dry forest -on a rock near a waterfall subjected to occasional splashing -on a statue in a city known for its polluted air
-on a statue in a city known for its polluted air
Where do fern antheridia develop? -on the underside of the gametophyte -on the tip of the haploid protonema -on the underside of the sporophyte -on the tip of the gametophyte -on the tip of the sporophyte
-on the underside of the gametophyte
Reproduction of plants differs from reproduction of animals in that __________. -plants only undergo mitosis, whereas animals undergo meiosis and mitosis -plants have a distinct, multicellular haploid phase -animals produce eggs and sperm, but plants do not -plants reproduce only by means of spores
-plants have a distinct, multicellular haploid phase
A major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms involves the _____ -dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation -presence or absence of alternation of generations -presence or absence of vascular structures -presence or absence of the ovary
-presence or absence of the ovary
Phytochromes respond differently to various wavelengths of light at the red end of the spectrum. The key is their ability to __________. -respond to red light only -absorb far-red light followed by red light -revert back and forth between two forms of phytochromes that differ in structure -absorb green light followed by red light
-revert back and forth between two forms of phytochromes that differ in structure
Which list correctly orders the events leading to leaf fall in deciduous trees? -decrease in ethylene levels, shortening days, formation of abscission layer -shortening days, increase in ethylene production, formation of abscission layer -shortening days, formation of abscission layer, decrease in ethylene levels -formation of abscission layer, increase in ethylene levels, decrease in auxin levels
-shortening days, increase in ethylene production, formation of abscission layer
Red maples and other wind-pollinated plants invest relatively little in producing ________ but must invest a great deal in producing ________ to achieve good pollination rates. -seeds; massive amounts of pollen -pollen; showy or scented flowers -showy or scented flowers; massive amounts of pollen -floral scents; showy petals
-showy or scented flowers; massive amounts of pollen
which of the following terms is incorrectly defined or described? -archegonium:female reproductive structure in plants that encloses and protects the egg and developing zygote -sorus:the male reproductive structure in mosses that produces motile sperm cells for sexual reproduction -seed: the product of sexual reproduction in plants that contains a sporophyte, embryo, and accessory storage material -microspore: the haploid cell in plants that eventually develops into a pollen grain -fruit: the matured or ripened ovary wall that encloses the seed(s) in the angiosperms
-sorus: the male reproductive structure in mosses that produces motile sperm cells for sexual reproduction
Felicia decides she wants to start growing bonsai trees. In her readings she learns that removing apical branches to promote "back budding" of lateral buds is the basis of the art. What delicate balance does this practice disrupt? -the balance of cytokinins within the plant body -the balance of auxins and cytokinins within the plant body -the internal water balance within the plant body -the internal balance of sucrose within the plant body
-the balance of auxins and cytokinins within the plant body
Consider two plant types: 1. Plants that grow in arid (dry) environments 2. Plants that grow in moist (e.g., wetland) environments Which plant would you expect to have fewer stomata, and why? -the second type, because plants in moist environments need to conserve as much water as possible -the second type, because plants in moist environments need to release as much water as possible -the first type, because plants in arid environments need to conserve as much water as possible
-the first type, because plants in arid environments need to conserve as much water as possible
Which of the following statements about the pine/conifer life cycle is false? -it takes about one and a half years in the conifer life cycle to make it a seed -conifers can produce pollen without anthers -two seeds are normally formed at the base of each cone scale -the megaspore is a diploid zygote produced as a result of fertalization -conifers produce both male and female cones
-the megaspore is a diploid zygote produced as a result of fertalization
Plants growing in harsh environments such as deserts, sand dunes, and arctic tundra often reproduce vegetatively. This is because __________. -they are members of plant families that only reproduce asexually -there are few animals available to pollinate them -fruits would freeze or dry out in these environments -vegetative reproduction is not as risky as making seeds
-there are few animals available to pollinate them
An Alaskan trapper worried about being attacked by grizzly bears left the lights on in his cabin all the time. Plants just outside the cabin flowered a month early. Which of the following best explains this? -The lights must have emitted far-red light. -They must have been long-night plants. -It was due to phototropism. -they must have been long-day plants
-they must have been long-day plants
Why would an angiosperm plant expend the energy to produce pollen grains with the sperm cells encapsulated inside? -to provide a way to get the sperm to the egg in the absence of liquid water -to provide nutrients for the egg once pollination has occurred -to provide nutrition for the sperm cell -to protect the sperm cell
-to provide a way to get the sperm to the egg in the absence of liquid water
What is endosperm? -via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo -the male portion of a flowering plant -the female portion of a flowering plant -tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo -the leaves that are a part of the embryo
-via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo
How does the sperm of an angiosperm reach the egg? -usually via an insect, which places sperm in the ovary while probing for nectar -via the pollen tube that grows from the ovule to reach the pollen grain on the stigma -via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen grain through the carpel tissues to the ovule -by actively swimming down through the style to the egg
-via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen grain through the carpel tissues to the ovule
after sucrose enters the sieve tubes -water follows passively by osmosis -it is dry ben by active transport to the source, which is usually the roots -it is removed by the source -stomata open so that water flows to the leaves -all of the above are correct
-water follows passively by osmosis
5 classic plant hormones
1. auxin 2. cytokinin 3. ethylene 4. abscisic acid 5. gibberellin
Wheat accounts for about _____% of calories consumed worldwide.
20
Technically speaking (botanically or biologically), which of the following statements about the various common names or parts of plants is false (or incorrect)? A sweet potato is a type of root. A cactus spine is a type of leaf. An Iris rhizome is a type of stem. A celery stalk is a type of tendril. A Mangrove pneumatophore is a type of root.
A celery stalk is a type of tendril.
_____ trees lose their leaves in preparation for winter. Pine Conifer Fir Deciduous Spruce
Deciduous
Which plant hormone (A - E) shown below is incorrectly matched with the situation in which it (or related hormones) was first discovered. Hormone A — caused the foolish seedling disease of rice. Hormone B — caused the triple response of peas to coal gas. Hormone C — caused lettuce seeds to germinate in darkness. Hormone D — caused phototropic curvature in grass coleoptiles. Hormone E — found in old herring sperm DNA and/or young developing corn kernals.
Hormone C — caused lettuce seeds to germinate in darkness.
Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? It functions as a haploid food reserve. It functions as a triploid food reserve. It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore. It is the remnant of the pollen tube. It functions as a diploid food reserve.
It functions as a haploid food reserve.
Which statement about plant hormones is true? -Plant hormones play a vital role in photosynthesis. -A hormone typically has a single, specific effect on all cells. -Plant hormones mainly affect reproductive processes. -Plant hormones are produced in very small concentrations.
Plant hormones are produced in very small concentrations.
which of the following comparisons between the two forms of phytochrome (Pr vs. Pfr) is false
Pr is most abundant in plants during daylight, while Pfr is most abundant in plants just before sunrise
Monocots characteristics
Single cotyledon, parallel veins and floral parts are multiples of 3, vascular bundles throughout stem and fibrous roots, "monkey-faced" arrangement of xylem and phloem
How do cells in a meristem differ from other cells in a plant? They continue to divide. They are differentiating. They photosynthesize at a faster rate. They are growing.
They continue to divide.
Which statement is false? -A carrot is an example of a taproot -White potatoes are modified plant roots. -The layers of an onion are actually modified leaves. -Stalks of celery are the petioles of the plant.
White potatoes are modified plant roots.
A certain short-day plant flowers when days are less than 12 hours long. Which of the following will cause it to flower? -a 13-hour night and an 11-hour day with 1 minute of darkness after 6 hours -an 8-hour day and a 16-hour night with a flash of white light after 8 hours of darkness -a 9-hour night and a 15-hour day with 1 minute of darkness after 7 hours -a 12-hour day and a 12-hour night with a flash of red light after 6 hours
a 13-hour night and an 11-hour day with 1 minute of darkness after 6 hours
A biological cycle with a period of about 24 hours is called __________. thigmotropism abscission a photoperiod a circadian rhythm
a circadian rhythm
Which part of the life cycle does a pollen grain represent? -a sperm cell -a male sporophyte -a spore -a male gametophyte
a male gametophyte
when comparing plant cells vs animal cells, plant cells generally have all the following except...
a pair of centrioles
______often promotes dormancy in buds, but this can be broken by
abscises acid; gibberellin acid
which class of plant hormone is incorrectly matched with one of its commercial or agricultural applications?
abscisic acid-promotes stomatal closure to conserve irrigation water
Terrestrial Adaptations of plants*** know this
algae (surrounded in water, whole algae produces photosynthesis, absorbs minerals from water)--->moss (stomata, primitive roots anchor, no lignin, no vascular tissue, fertilization req. moisture)--->fern (stomata, roots anchor, absorbs water, lignin, vascular tissue, fertilization req. moisture)--->pine tree (stomata regulate gas exchange, roots anchor, lignin vascular tissue, cell walls, fertilization does not req. moisture)
which of the following organelles acts as the statolith within the plant cell during gravitropism
amyloplast
chara definition
an aquatic ancestor of land plants-produced motile sperm cells and eggs that required immersion in water
A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from a(n) __________. endosperm; ovary an ovary; ovule an ovary; pollen grain an ovule; carpel
an ovary; ovule
Many desert plants complete their life cycles very rapidly during relatively moist conditions after it rains. In such "desert annuals," a plant may germinate, grow, and release seeds within a few weeks. These are probably __________. conifers (gymnosperms) bryophytes angiosperms ferns
angiosperms
Most living species of plants are __________. non-seed-bearing plants gymnosperms angiosperms mosses
angiosperms
the main evolutionary advancement of the angiosperms over the gymnosperms is that.....
angiosperms protect the developing seed in tissue derived from the ovary
The terminal sperm-producing flower part is the _____; if a pollen grain is lucky, it will land on the terminal female part of the flower, the _____. anther ... ovary anther ... style anther ... stigma stigma ... carpel
anther ... stigma
a stamen consist of.... ovary and sepal stigma and anther stigma and filament anther and filament stigma and style
anther and filament
the stamen (male component) is comprised of
anther and filament
In moss, _____ produce sperm. protonemata sporangia archegonia embryos antheridia
antheridia
The formation of the abscission layer cuts off transport of substances to and from the leaf. As the concentration of sugar trapped within a leaf increases, _____ pigments are produced. phycoerythrin anthocyanin carotenoid melanin xanthophyll
anthocyanin
which of the following regions of root is incorrectly matched with at least one of its characteristics functions? root cap: protects the apical meristem from damage during growth elongation zone: develops the force that pushes the root tip through the soil root hair zone: main region for water uptake in roots apical meristem: senses the direction of gravity in roots suberization zone: becomes supervised to water proof the surface of the root
apical meristem: senses the direction of gravity in roots
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. archegonia ... egg archegonia ... sperm cell antheridia ... egg antheridia ... sperm cell microsporangia ... egg cell
archegonia ... egg
Plants dependent on night-flying (nocturnal) pollinators typically have flowers that absorb UV light are located close to the ground and smell of rotting flesh. are small. are large, light-colored, and highly scented.
are large, light-colored, and highly scented.
which of the following terms is incorrectly defined or described? stomate- epidermal structure that regulates transpiration rates honey dew- phloem sap that that has leaked from the body of an aphid assimilate-any mineral or nutrient that a plant has absorbed from the soil sugar sink-any organ or tissue activley using or storing assimilate macronutrient-an essential nutrient required in amounts greater than 1000ppm
assimilate-any mineral or nutrient that a plant has absorbed from the soil
Gibberellins work along with _____ to stimulate cell elongation and division in stems. abscisic acid (ABA) auxin canavanine cytokinins
auxin
according to the acid growth hypothesis...
auxin promotes the transport of H+ ions and the loosening of the plant cell wall
After leaf abscission, growth will resume from the _____. protective layer palisade layer petiole abscission layer axillary bud
axillary bud
the dicots generally have _____ leaves, the conifers generally have ____ leaves
broad flat; long needle
Which of the following diagrams (A - E) below shows a trait or characteristic that should not be associated with the distinguishing features of monocots?
c
The breakdown of chlorophyll reveals the _____ pigments of a leaf. anthocyanin carotenoid melanin phycoerythrin Xanthophylls
carotenoid
The "female" structures of angiosperms are called _____, and they have _____ at their base. sepals; ovules carpels; ovules anthers; filaments anthers; pollen
carpels; ovules
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? vascular tissue pollen embryo development within gametangia chloroplasts roots and shoots
chloroplasts
Which cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants? -collenchyma cells -sclerenchyma cells -sieve-tube elements -parenchyma
collenchyma
accessory componete of a flower
corolla (show petals), sepals, and receptacle
which plant is incorrectly matched with the tissue or organ from which it is modified? cactus spines-leaves celery stalks-petioles onion bulbs-leaves potato tubers-stems cucumber tendrils-stems
cucumber tendrils-stems
What hormone was in the cotton used to wrap the apical ends of the group A plants? cytokinin auxin gibberellin ethylene
cytokinin
If you want your plants to branch more, you can spray them with _____. cytokinins ethylene gibberellins auxin
cytokinins
auxin is involved in all the following except
delaying leaf yellowing
Which of these environmental toxins is a by-product of the synthesis of the herbicide 2,4-D? DDT water dioxin mercury
dioxin
In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores. haploid ... mitosis ... haploid haploid ... meiosis ... haploid diploid ... mitosis ... haploid diploid ... meiosis ... haploid diploid ... mitosis ... diploid
diploid ... meiosis ... haploid
In flowering plants, the main visible plant body is the _____. haploid sporophyte diploid sporophyte haploid gametophyte diploid gametophyte
diploid sporophyte
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. haploid sporophyte diploid gametophyte diploid sporophyte diploid sorus haploid gametophyte
diploid sporophyte
which direction do the open flowers of sunflower normally face?
east
n flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei. four diploid eight diploid eight haploid microsporangia four haploid
eight haploid
In some biomes (types of ecosystems), frequent fires destroy plant life, but it is quickly replaced with new growth. The intense heat must stimulate enzymes in seeds that _____. begin a period of dormancy begin development of the embryo self-destruct end dormancy
end dormancy
which plant cell type is incorrectly matched with its description or function? pericycle cells-give rise to meristems that produce new roots mesophyll cells-leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis guard cells-control the opening and closing of stomatal proes endodermal cells-prevent the loss of water from roots companion cells-load assimilate into sieve cells
endodermal cells-prevent the loss of water from roots
which of the following cell/tissue types or structures is NOT found in (or part of) the shoot system of a plant? -axillary bud -endodermis -petiole -peidermis -node
endodermis
which of the following choices correctly lists the cells/tissues in the order through which water will pass on its way from the outside of the root to the conducting cells on the inside of the root? epidermis-endodermis-cortex-pericycle-xylem epidermis-cortex-endodermis-pericycle-xylem endodermis-pericycle-cortex-xylem-epidermis cortex-epidermis-pericycle-endodermis-xylem epidermis-pericycle-endodermis-xylem-cortex
epidermis-cortex-endodermis-pericycle-xylem
In the autumn, the amount of _____ increases and the amount of _____ decreases in leaf stalks, causing a plant to drop fruit and leaves.
ethylene; auxin
Which organism has a dominant sporophyte generation and a free-living gametophyte generation? fern moss conifer mushroom
fern
Which of the following is NOT present within the seed of an angiosperm? embryo apical meristems endosperm fruit
fruit
phytochrome promotes (or is involved in) all the following except...
fruit ripening
Corn, peppers, tomatoes, and cucumbers all contain seeds and are derived from the ovary of a flowering plant. Therefore, in scientific terms, they are...
fruits
Plasmogamy is indicated by______
fusion of the cytoplasm
early land plants produced male and female gametes in _______
gametangia (eggs were sessile, sperm swam to fertilize)
A common species of liverwort typically resembles a flat green ribbon that occasionally sprouts umbrella-shaped structures. If liverworts and mosses are very similar structurally, then the "ribbons" are __________ and the "umbrellas" are __________. gametangia; sporangia sporophytes; gametophytes diploid; haploid gametophytes; sporophytes
gametophytes; sporophytes
phytochrome were discovered in relation to
germination of lettuce seeds
which of the plant hormones is incorrectly matched with at least one of its functions or roles? cytokinin-stimulates the formation of nutrient sinks auxin-promotes or enforces apical dominance ethylene-causes leaf abscission in most plants gibberellin- promotes fruit ripening -abscisic acid-causes stomates to close
gibberellin- promotes fruit ripening
mesophyll is a good example of _____ tissue that is specialized for ____
ground; photosynthesis
seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. triploid ... fertilization diploid ... mitosis haploid ... mitosis diploid ... meiosis haploid ... meiosis
haploid ... meiosis
Compared to angiosperms, gymnosperms: -lack true roots and leaves, while angiosperms lack lignin cell walls. -have flowers that produce seeds with a protective casing, while angiosperms have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective casing. -have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective casing, while angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds with a protective casing. -lack seeds, while angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds with a protective casing.
have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective casing, while angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds with a protective casing.
The primary growth of a plant adds __________, and secondary growth adds __________. branching; flowers girth; height branching; girth height; girth
height; girth
The production of canavanine is a response of some plants to __________. oxygen deprivation salt stress water deficit herbivory
herbivory
abscisic acid function
inhibits cell growth, helps close stomata
which of the following best represents an example of photomorphogenesis?
leaves of a germinating seedling turn green and expand when it emerges from the soil
nonvascular plants
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
seedless vascular plants
lycophytes and pterophytes
Which of the following essential mineral elements of plants is required in the greatest amount?
magnesium
Which of the following cell/tissue types in plants is most likely to divide? -meristem -epidermis -xylem -scelerenchyma -parenchyma
meristem
Which of the following plant tissues allows trees to grow and repair damage throughout their lives? ground tissue meristem guard cells dermal tissue
meristem
Many plants can be cloned in the lab because they possess __________. the ability to recycle water the ability to photosynthesize the ability to produce gametes meristem tissue
meristem tissue
which of the following plant parts is incorrectly matched with its general or typical function in most plants?
meristems-water assimilate and storage
which part of the leaf carries our the most photosynthesis in plants?
mesophyll
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. eggs micropyle pollen cone megaspore Integument
micropyle
Which structure is found in both plant and animal cells? -cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane -mitochondria -chloroplasts -a large central vacuole containing fluid
mitochondria
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. meiosis ... meiosis mitosis ... mitosis binary fission ... mitosis meiosis ... mitosis mitosis ... meiosis
mitosis ... mitosis
How are gametes produced by bryophytes? mitosis of specialized cells in the gametophyte mitosis of haploid spores meiosis of haploid spores meiosis of sporophyte cells
mitosis of specialized cells in the gametophyte
the two main classes of flowering plants are the
monocots and dicots
byrophytes
nonvascular, first to colonize land
Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s). one four three integuments two
one
Which plant response is affected by photoperiod? onset of dormancy cell division gravitropism apical dominance
onset of dormancy
secondary succession would be expected to occur in all of the following habitats except
outcrop of recently fallen rocks after a landslide
The ________ is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and later matures to become the fruit. ovary stigma sepals carpel
ovary
About how many gibberellins have been identified in plants? five one thousands over one hundred
over 100
"Technically speaking", meiosis in plants occurs specifically in the ___ & ___ stigma & style root tip & shoot tip ovule & anther flower & seed pollen grain & egg cell
ovule & anther
in leaves, chloroplasts are found in____ phloem xylem cuticle palisade mesophyll
palisade mesophyll
Photosynthesis occurs in which type of plant tissue? epidermal tissue parenchyma vascular cambium collenchyma
parenchyma
Which of the following foods are from gymnosperms instead of angiosperms? peanuts and grapes pine nuts and juniper berries chestnuts and blueberries walnuts and raspberries
pine nuts and juniper berries
A single carpel or fused group of carpels is called _____. stamen anther stigma pistil
pistil
long-day plants
plants that bloom only when the period of day is longer than a specific period of darkness
short day plants
plants that flower when nights are longer than a critical length
which of the following terms or phrases is correctly defined/described?
pneumatophore: a snorkel like root of mangroves for root aeration
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. male sporophytes megaspores endosperm pollen grains embryo sacs
pollen grains
the main difference between primary and secondary growth is...
primary growth results in increases hight or length of stem/root, while secondary growth results in increases diameter or thickness of a stem or root
which of the following is closest to the center of a woody stem?
primary xylem
gibberellins function
promote stem/internode elongation
Later land plants produced gametes in structures that...
protected gametes and zygotes from dessication- i.e. pollen, eggs, and seeds
Researchers have found some interesting plant defenses when it comes to herbivores. One such mechanism is __________. active acquired immunity acquired immunoresponse recruitment response systemic resistance
recruitment response
Which of the following statements about the two different types of phytochrome (Pr vs Pfr) is true?
red light causes Pr to convert to the Pfr form
A cross section of part of a plant exposes epidermis, a thick cortex, and a central cylinder of xylem and phloem. This part is a _____. seed stem fruit root
root
water enters a plant through the _____ , and then exists the plant through the _____
root hair; stomata
adventitious roots are best defined as
roots that have developed from cells or tissues that were not previously part of a root
The ______ has greatly enhanced the long-term survivability of land plants against a wide range of harsh conditions associated with terrestrial habitats.
seed
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. seed coat fruit sporophyte endosperm cotyledon
seed coat
Which two features do angiosperms and gymnosperms have in common? fruits and flowers pollen and flowers seeds and fruits seeds and pollen
seeds and pollen
which of the following options lists the events leading to leaf fall in the deciduous trees in the correct order?
shortening days-->increase in ethylene production--->formation of abscission layer
which following terms is incorrectly defined or described below apoplast: the non-living transport system of plants pit: a thin region of the cell wall of plants specialized for water transport source: any tissue or organ that produces and releases hormones to the rest of the plant guttation: exudation of water droplets from plants due to root pressure micronutrient: an essential element of plants required in tissue amount of less than 100 parts per million
source: any tissue or organ that produces and releases hormones to the rest of the plant
In ferns, the ________ produces spores by ________ in ________. gametophyte; mitosis; sporangia male gametangium; meiosis; sperm female gametangium; mitosis; eggs sporophyte; meiosis; sporangia
sporophyte; meiosis; sporangia
What dense storage granules in plant cells are thought to contribute to gravitropism? glucose starch chlorophyll proteins
starch
Evergreen trees lose their leaves _____. every fall steadily all year in the spring in the summer every winter
steadily all year
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. ovary style ovulate cone stigma anther
stigma
A carpel is composed of _____. petal, sepal, and stamen ovule, megasporocyte, and anther stigma, style, and ovary ovary, ovule, and anther zygote, anther, and endosperm
stigma, style, and ovary
the carpel (female component) is comprised of
stigma, style, ovary, ovule
Auxin main function
stimulate celll elongation, phototropism/gravitropism, apical dominance and branching, prevents leaf and fruit abscission
gravitropism is ______ in shoots, and ________ in roots
stimulated, inhibited
cytokines main function
stimulates cell division and leaf expansion, modifies apical dominance, regulation of root vs. shoot development (high auxin-->roots, low auxin-->shoots, moderate auxin-->undifferentiated callus)
the cold damp treatment required by some seeds in order for them to break dormancy is called
stratification
plants etiolate when they need... sunlight gravity fertilizer water phytochrome
sunlight
Technically, which of the following is not an example of nastic movement in plant? the rolling rhododendron leaves at freezing temperatures the folding of oxalis leaves at night the circadian opening and closing of tulip flower petals the collapse of leaflets in the mimosa sensitive plant the coiling of cucumber tendrils around a solid object
the coiling of cucumber tendrils around a solid object
Which of the following comparisons between xylem and phloem is false?
the direction of transport in xylem is both upwards and downwards, while transport in the phloem is mainly downwards in plants
the common expression "one bad apple spoils the whole barrel" is based on...
the effects of ethylene on ripening and senesence
In angiosperms, double fertilization produces __________. two embryos two triploid cells the embryo and a triploid cell the embryo and the seed coat
the embryo and a triploid cell
Which structure is the first to emerge from the germinating seed of a eudicot such as the garden bean? cotyledons the shoot hook the ovary the embryonic root
the embryonic root
the precise criterion for determining whether or not a particular mineral is truly "essential" for given plant species is whether or not...
the plant can form viable seeds
What is the node of a plant stem? a small pore where gases are exchanged the point of leaf attachment the point of apical dominance the area between the shoots and the roots
the point of leaf attachment
aphids are important in plant biology because
they have facilitated our understanding of phloem transport
what happens to the cotyledons of pea and maize seeds
they remain in the soil and decompose
Which of the following are dead at maturity? parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells sieve-tube members and companion cells tracheids and vessel elements
tracheids and vessel elements
the main function of "companion cells" is to... protect and nourish cells from drying out nourish xylem cells during growth transport assimilate into sieve cells facilitate stomatal opening and closing control the uptake of minerals by roots
transport assimilate into sieve cells
which of the following comparisons between xylem vs phloem in cells/tissues is false?
transport cells in both xylem and phloem are dead at maturity
The ________ represents the sporophyte generation of a conifer, and the ________ produces gametophytes. seed; tree tree; cone tree; pollen cone; tree
tree; pollen
Eudicots characteristics
two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, floral organs in multiples of 4/5, taproot, "acorn arrangement" of xylem and phloem
How many chromosomes are there in a maize (corn) embryo cell nucleus as compared to a maize (corn) endosperm cell nucleus? half as many the same number two-thirds as many twice as many
two-thirds as many
trachied cell picture
very long and skinny
which of the following statements about water transport in plants is false?
water transport relies on covalent bonds between water molecules
which of the following is a density-independent" regulating factor weather disease resource availability competition predation
weather
although Gregor Mendel didn't know it at the time, his short pea plants...
were unable to produce gibberellic acid