flash b

230) Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen ( ) in such conditions is _____. A) 160 mm Hg B) 16 mm Hg C) 21/760 D) 760/21

230) Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen ( ) in such conditions is _____. A) 160 mm Hg B) 16 mm Hg C) 21/760 D) 760/21

202) A stroke volume of 70 mL/cycle in a heart with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute results in a cardiac output of about _____. A) 5 liters per minute B) 50 milliliters per minute C) 0.5 liters per minute D) 50 liters per minute

A) 5 liters per minute

232) At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21percent oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is about _____. A) 80 mm Hg B) 160 mm Hg C) 380 mm Hg D) 760 mm Hg

A) 80 mm Hg

The table above is a comparison of several characteristics of H. floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species (arranged roughly from oldest to most recent). What do these data suggest? A) A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking. B) Body mass and braincase volume are completely unrelated. C) Hominins first evolved in and then radiated out from Asia. D) Homo floresiensis is most closely related to Australopithecus afarensis or A. africanus.

A) A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking. **H. floresiensis is contrary to the trend (380cm3/tool)

Lymph hearts are pumping structures that drive lymph through the lymphatic system, returning it to the circulatory system at the large veins entering the heart. Researchers examined rate and strength of pumping of lymph hearts in two species of amphibians, a toad (Bufo marinus) and a frog (Rana catesbiana). During hemorrhage or dehydration, the volume of blood in the circulatory system falls. (E. A. DeGrauw and S. S. Hillman. 2004. General function and endocrine control of the posterior lymph hearts in Bufo marinus and Rana catesbiana. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4):594-600.) 215) Refer to the paragraph on lymph hearts. What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have first? A) Blood volume would increase. B) Blood volume would decrease. C) Hemorrhage would increase. D) Hemorrhage would decrease.

A) Blood volume would increase.

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? A) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. B) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection. C) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. D) Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.

A) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.

185) The Pimas are a group of people living in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Although Pima Indians living in the United States and Mexico have a similar genetic background, a five-fold increase in the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus among U.S. Pima has been reported. The body mass index of Mexicans of non-Pima descent, Mexicans of Pima descent, and Pimas living in the United States is shown in the figure above. Based on this information and the graph above, what can you infer about the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus? A) Obesity is a risk factor for development of type II diabetes mellitus. B) If you maintain a normal body weight (body mass index less than 25), you will not get type II diabetes mellitus. C) The incidence of type II diabetes mellitus has increased in the past ten years. D) People who develop type II diabetes mellitus are typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.

A) Obesity is a risk factor for development of type II diabetes mellitus.

222) You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.

A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

184) Food being digested in the stomach is in a highly acidic environment. When the food is released from the stomach into the small intestine, why is the environment no longer acidic? A) Secretin increases the flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid. B) Enterokinase activates trypsinogen, thus neutralizing the stomach acid. C) Bile salts from the gallbladder neutralize the stomach acid. D) When pepsinogen activates pepsin, one result is the neutralization of stomach acid in the stomach.

A) Secretin increases the flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid.

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A) Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction. B) Tetrapods can now function with just lungs. C) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents. D) Embryos are protected from predators.

A) Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction. **(It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

162) Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form? A) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. B) They identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin. C) The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form. D) Pepsin and trypsin have never been isolated in their fully activated form.

A) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes

A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them? Larvae use notochords to _____. A) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves. B) stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone. C) induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated. D) organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.

A) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians _____. A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C C) are endotherms but become thermoconformers when they are in water D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C

A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures

Which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders? A) bivalves B) gastropods C) chitons D) cephalopods

A) bivalves

229) An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it _____. A) blocks the openings into the tracheal system B) interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries C) clogs their bronchi D) prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere

A) blocks the openings into the tracheal system

212) Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? A) bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds B) inability of the right ventricle to contract C) reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries D) destruction of red blood cells

A) bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels? A) conformation B) regulation C) integration D) assimilation

A) conformation

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect? A) connective B) epithelial C) nervous D) striated muscle

A) connective ** (collagen)

243) Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____. A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells B) bound to hemoglobin C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid D) simply dissolved in the plasma

A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

The sharp, inch-long thorns of the crown-of-thorns sea star are its spines. These spines, unlike those of most other sea stars, contain a potent toxin. If it were discovered that crown-of-thorns sea stars do not make this toxin themselves, then the most likely alternative would be that this toxin is _____. A) derived from the nematocysts of its prey B) absorbed from the surrounding seawater C) an endotoxin of cellulose-digesting bacteria that inhabit the sea star's digestive glands D) injected into individual thorns by mutualistic corals which live on the aboral surfaces of these sea stars

A) derived from the nematocysts of its prey

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The _____ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the _____ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A) elephant; mouse B) elephant; human C) human; penguin D) mouse; snake

A) elephant; mouse

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit? A) endothermy B) ectothermy C) amniotic egg D) terrestrial

A) endothermy ** (produce heat via metabolism)

In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is _____. A) fat in adipose tissue B) glucose in the blood C) protein in muscle cells D) glycogen in muscle cells

A) fat in adipose tissue **fat most energy-dense

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____. A) feeding B) locomotion C) defense D) respiration

A) feeding **Teeth

236) Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater _____. A) has more oxygen than seawater B) has less oxygen than seawater C) can hold 10-40 times more carbon dioxide than air D) can hold 10-40 times more oxygen than air

A) has more oxygen than seawater

233) Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. A) higher O2 B) greater bicarbonate concentration C) lower pH D) lower osmotic pressure

A) higher O2

210) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____. A) increased activity of the immune system B) blood sugar that is abnormally high C) dehydration D) sodium depletion

A) increased activity of the immune system

140) The process of obtaining food is known as _____ and requires specialized mouthparts. A) ingestion B) digestion C) absorption D) excretion

A) ingestion

158) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells _____. A) initiate the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach D) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine

A) initiate the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____. A) is bilaterally symmetrical B) has a coelom C) is segmented D) is diploblastic

A) is bilaterally symmetrical

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____. A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix B) it contains more than one type of cell C) its cells can move from place to place D) it is found within all the organs of the body

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) chondrichthyans

A) lancelets

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located? A) mantle cavity B) incurrent siphon C) visceral mass D) excurrent siphon

A) mantle cavity ** (respiratory chamber)

As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____. A) more branching or folds B) increased thickness C) larger cells D) decreased blood supply

A) more branching or folds **greater surface area

Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous — mesoderm B) muscular — mesoderm C) stomach — endoderm (archentaeron... gut) D) skin — ectoderm

A) nervous — mesoderm **(Nervous system derived from ectoderm)

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because _____. A) none of their cells are far removed from the gastro vascular cavity or from the external environment B) they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm (Triploblastic) C) their flame bulbs can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions D) their body cavity, a pseudocoelom, carries out these functions

A) none of their cells are far removed from the gastro vascular cavity or from the external environment

Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation? A) positive feedback B) negative feedback C) feedback inhibition D) enzymatic catalysis

A) positive feedback

170) Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that _____. A) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine B) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine C) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine D) stimulates peristalsis

A) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine

178) An enlarged cecum is typical of _____. A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears B) carnivorous animals C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts D) humans and other primates

A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears

A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by _____. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) evaporation

A) radiation

235) What would be the consequences if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, the out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would _____. A) reduce efficiency of gas exchange B) change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out C) increase the efficiency of gas exchange

A) reduce efficiency of gas exchange

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a _____. A) sea star living deep in the ocean B) bass living in a farm pond C) hummingbird flying through a prairie D) honeybee in a hive on a rural farm

A) sea star living deep in the ocean

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is _____. A) simple squamous epithelium B) simple columnar epithelium C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D) stratified squamous epithelium

A) simple squamous epithelium

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a _____. A) simple squamous epithelium B) stratified squamous epithelium C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D) simple columnar epithelium

A) simple squamous epithelium **(very thin; diffuse)

155) Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function? A) stomach — protein digestion B) large intestine — bile production C) small intestine — starch digestion D) pancreas — starch digestion

A) stomach — protein digestion

Cardiac muscle cells are both _____. A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks B) smooth and under voluntary control C) striated and under voluntary control D) smooth and under involuntary control

A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks **(Cardiac muscles are striated)

26) Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic? A) suspension feeder B) mass feeder C) deposit feeder D) fluid feeder

A) suspension feeder

Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the _____. A) temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized B) venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet C) blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen D) loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment

A) temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized

206) If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) the pulmonary vein B) an alveolus C) the trachea D) the right atrium

A) the pulmonary vein

204) The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein B) the veins from the right and left legs C) the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta

A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically? A) the same as that occurring in fish gills B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills

A) the same as that occurring in fish gills

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the shelled, amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) a four-chambered heart

A) the shelled, amniotic egg

224) Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____. A) water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills B) blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae C) air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins D) water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart

A) water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 1 and 2 B) 3 and 5 C) 3, 4, and 5 D) 2 and 4

B) 3 and 5

151) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location_____. A) 1 B) 4 C) 5 D) 8

B) 4

152) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in structure(s) _____. A) 3 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 4 D) 3 and 4

B) 4 only

Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3

B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 **primates > anthropoids > apes > hominins > Homo

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm? A) It is a suspension feeder. B) It has no coelom. C) It is shaped like a worm. D) It has a mouth and an anus.

B) It has no coelom.

174) If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen? A) The vitamins in the cracker are immediately absorbed. B) Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into glucose. C) The proteins in the cracker begin to be digested. D) The flavor becomes less noticeable because the sugars are digested.

B) Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into glucose.

If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete. C) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete.

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works? A) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma. (ectoderm) B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function. C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function. (mesoderm) D) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.

B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function.

214) Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

164) Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial organism that causes ulcers and digestive disturbances. How might they survive the acid pH of the stomach? A) They secrete buffers to neutralize acid. B) They burrow under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium. C) They take over the parietal cells. D) They release chemicals that decrease acid production in the stomach.

B) They burrow under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium.

Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 6) Which of the following Tp traits is different from all other known animals? A) Tp is multicellular. B) Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells. C) Tp has cilia. D) Tp lacks cell walls.

B) Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells.

191) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. A) an open circulatory system B) a closed circulatory system C) a gastrovascular cavity D) branched tracheae

B) a closed circulatory system

228) The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing _____. A) an increase in its carbon dioxide content B) a decrease in its oxygen content C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms D) a decrease in the water's density

B) a decrease in its oxygen content

156) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having _____. A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells C) a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells D) a cell wall impermeable to acid

B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

147) The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates _____. A) secretion B) absorption C) filtration D) temperature regulation

B) absorption

142) An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system _____. A) excludes the need for extracellular digestion B) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions C) allows extensive branching D) facilitates intracellular digestion

B) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include _____. A) a gastro vascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body C) a large body volume, a long, tubular body, and a set of wings D) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering

B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body

195) An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the _____. A) animal had evolved from birds B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles D) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure

B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? A) artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) the evolution of meiosis D) the origin of a brain

B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte (defense/capture cell) of a cnidarian? A) amoebocyte B) choanocyte C) epidermal cell D) pore cell

B) choanocyte

A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C) β-catenin genes D) genes involved in eye-lens synthesis

B) collagen genes

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would _____. A) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals B) confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals" C) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi D) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates

B) confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals"

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is _____. A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) skeletal muscle D) nervous tissue

B) connective tissue

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____. A) shared ancestry B) convergent evolution C) homology D) evolutionary divergence

B) convergent evolution

217) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls C) loss of fluid from capillaries D) increased diffusion of hemoglobin

B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Which clade does NOT include humans? (synapsids) A) lobe-fins B) diapsids C) craniates D) osteichthyans

B) diapsids

225) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____. A) blood pressure B) diffusion C) active transport D) osmosis

B) diffusion

If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____. A) collagenous fibers B) elastic fibers C) reticular fibers (glue for connective to adjacent tissue) D) adipose tissue

B) elastic fibers

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____. A) respiratory system B) endocrine system C) integumentary system D) excretory system

B) endocrine system

143) Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for _____. A) dehydration synthesis B) enzymatic hydrolysis C) regurgitation D) demineralization

B) enzymatic hydrolysis

223) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are _____. A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively D) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively

B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo _____. A) develops germ layers B) exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage C) develops a blastopore D) develops an archenteron

B) exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage Protosome=Spiral Deuterosome=Radial

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was _____. A) the appearance of jaws B) feet with digits C) the mineralization of the endoskeleton D) the amniotic egg

B) feet with digits

193) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. A) amphibians B) fishes C) mammals D) reptiles

B) fishes

180) If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like, what type of food would you expect this animal to eat? A) grass B) flesh of another animal C) nectar D) blood

B) flesh of another animal

216) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____. A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase D) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries

B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues

The water vascular system of echinoderms _____. A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells B) functions in locomotion and feeding C) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical D) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms

B) functions in locomotion and feeding **Echinoderms = sea stars/urchins (Water system hydraulic canals into tube feet for move/feeding)

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? A) true tissues B) hard parts C) bilateral symmetry D) embryos

B) hard parts **(Ediacaran in Neoprotizoan Era) Eumetazoa -> Bilateria (Evo hox genes) -> protosome/deutrosomes

146) The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food _____. A) do not taste as good as larger pieces of food B) have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food C) are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food D) are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food

B) have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

175) A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are_____. A) carnivores B) herbivores C) autotrophs D) omnivores

B) herbivores

181) You are most likely to observe coprophagy in _____. A) carnivores B) herbivores C) fluid feeders D) suspension feeders

B) herbivores

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____. A) thyroid gland B) hypothalamus C) subcutaneous layer of the skin D) liver

B) hypothalamus

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. A) preying on animals B) ingesting it C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey D) using enzymes to digest their food

B) ingesting it

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____. A) less surface area B) less surface area per unit of volume C) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen D) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio

B) less surface area per unit of volume

183) If you were to jog one kilometer a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? A) muscle proteins B) liver glycogen and muscle glycogen C) fat stored in adipose tissue D) blood proteins

B) liver glycogen and muscle glycogen

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _____. A) echinoderm B) mollusc C) nematode D) arthropod

B) mollusc (coelomate/protosome/trochophore) Trochozoan Clade = Flatworms, Rotifers, Ectoprocts, Brachiopods, Molluscs, Annelids "Trochophore larva = developmental stage of Lophotrochozoa

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) the structural carbohydrate, chitin B) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement C) heterotrophy D) flagellated gametes

B) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

137) Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin? A) blood clotting — vitamin C B) normal vision — vitamin A C) synthesis of cell membranes — vitamin D D) production of white blood cells — vitamin K

B) normal vision — vitamin A

161) Jahasz-Pocsine and co-workers found a correlation between gastric bypass surgery and neurological complications. Surgeons performed gastric bypass surgery on 150 patients at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Neurology Clinic. Of the 150 patients, 26 experienced neurological complications related to the surgery. What is the most likely cause for the neurological complications? A) sudden weight loss and caloric deficiency interfering with neurological function B) nutrient (for example, vitamin and mineral) deficiencies C) sloppy surgical technique of physicians performing the bypass surgery D) infections following surgical intervention

B) nutrient (for example, vitamin and mineral) deficiencies

141) In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by _____. A) hydrolysis B) phagocytosis C) absorption D) secretion

B) phagocytosis

154) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the _____. A) stomach B) pharynx C) rectum D) epiglottis

B) pharynx

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? A) jaws B) post-anal tail C) four-chambered heart D) vertebrae

B) post-anal tail (Post-anal Tail, Pharyngeal slits (mouth opening), Notochord (movement), dorsal nerve cord

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population? A) reduce the mosquito population B) reduce the population of the intermediate snail host C) avoid contact with rodent droppings D) carefully wash all raw fruits and vegetables

B) reduce the population of the intermediate snail host

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____. A) cardiac muscle B) smooth muscle C) striated muscle D) skeletal muscle

B) smooth muscle

167) Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the _____. A) small intestine B) stomach C) pancreas D) liver

B) stomach

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as _____. A) the digestive system's opening B) suspension-feeding devices C) components of the jaw D) sites of respiration

B) suspension-feeding devices

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when _____. A) the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise C) a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water D) the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume

B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

239) Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. A) the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing C) the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide D) stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing

B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

190) The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to _____. A) those of birds, with a four-chambered heart B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber C) those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment D) those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow

B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that _____. A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite of it C) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors

B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite of it

177) A zoologist analyzes the jawbones of an extinct mammal and concludes that it was an herbivore. The zoologist most likely came to this conclusion based upon _____. A) the position of muscle attachment sites B) the shape of the teeth C) the size of the mouth opening D) the angle of the teeth in the mouth

B) the shape of the teeth

197) Circulatory systems compensate for _____. A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances C) the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system D) the need to cushion animals from trauma

B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because _____. A) only those animals use those nutrients B) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients C) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes D) only certain foods contain them

B) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a Northern European freshwater fish often inhabiting ponds that become hypoxic (have reduced oxygen levels) and even anoxic (have no oxygen) when the surface freezes during the winter. Surprisingly, when oxygen levels are normal, these fish lack the lamellae that provide a large surface area for gas exchange between water and blood: their gills are smooth. Yet when the level of oxygen in the water falls, the gill morphology undergoes a change: packing cells stop dividing and programmed cell death is induced, exposing gill lamellae that were buried in other tissue. With lamellae exposed, the gills have increased surface area for gas exchange. These changes in gill lamellar profile are reversible: investigators observed that the gills return to their normal structure within seven days after returning the fish to well-oxygenated water. (Jørund Sollid, Paula De Angelis, Kristian Gundersen, and Göran E. Nilsson. 2003. Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:3667-73.) 102) Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp. Gills serve multiple functions in fish in addition to gas exchange. Given the large surface area of gills with lamellae, what is the most likely explanation for why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels of oxygen are normal? A) to prevent loss of heat to the surrounding water B) to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water C) to prevent protein loss to the surrounding water D) to prevent loss of oxygen to the surrounding water

B) to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources? A) shivering B) torpor C) hibernation D) burrowing into soil

B) torpor

205) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. A) one capillary bed B) two capillary beds C) three capillary beds D) four capillary beds

B) two capillary beds

144) Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes _____. A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme B) use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis) C) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH D) require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source

B) use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis)

27) Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of a sponge? 1. amoebocytes (Digest food to distribute) 2. spicules (Sharp spikes: Serve as "skeleton" of the sponge 3. spongin 4. zygotes 5. choanocytes A) 1 and 2 B) 2, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

C) 1, 2, 3, and 4

All arthropods _____. 1) undergo complete metamorphose 2) have jointed appendages 3) molt 4) have segmented bodies 5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle A) 1, 2, and 4 B) 3 and 5 C) 2, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 4, 5

C) 2, 3, 4, 5 **2) have jointed appendages 3) molt 4) have segmented bodies 5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle

227) When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10 percent and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then is _____. A) 400 mm Hg B) 82 mm Hg C) 40 mm Hg D) 4 mm Hg

C) 40 mm Hg

153) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Bacteria that produce vitamins are found in the greatest concentration in location _____. A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 8

C) 5

Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis (internal balance) through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature? A) Squirrels are able to cool themselves during warmer months by producing more brown fat, which contains abundant mitochondria and a rich blood supply. B) Desert jackrabbits have unusually large ears that serve as solar heat collectors to enable them to maintain their body temperatures. C) A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production. D) A goldfish slows its movements when the water temperature is lower.

C) A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production.

Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 meter tall) with small braincases (approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other hominins. The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago. 70) Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al. and Morwood et al. Which would be the most feasible method of figuring out to which other hominin species H. floresiensis was most closely related? A) Compare the type of prey hunted by H. floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other hominin species. B) Compare the average body size of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species. C) Compare the skeletal morphology of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species. D) Compare the estimated life span of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.

C) Compare the skeletal morphology of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest? A) These two subgroups have a common ancestor that was a deuterostome. B) The protostomes are a polyphyletic group. C) Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared. D) The lophotrochozoans are monophyletic.

C) Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.

A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. B) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. C) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. D) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

C) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C) Round the clay up into a sphere. D) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.

C) Round the clay up into a sphere.

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology? A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. B) The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. D) The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.

Proposed Number of Hox Genes in Various Extant and Extinct Animals Last Common Ancestor of Bilateria Last Common Ancestor of Insects and Vertebrates Ancestral Vertebrates Mammals 4 7 14 38-40 24) What conclusion is apparent from the data in the table above? A) Land animals have more Hox genes than do those that live in water. B) All bilaterian phyla have had the same degree of expansion in their numbers of Hox genes. C) The expansion in number of Hox genes throughout vertebrate evolution cannot be explained merely by three duplications of the ancestral vertebrate Hox cluster. D) Extant insects all have seven Hox genes.

C) The expansion in number of Hox genes throughout vertebrate evolution cannot be explained merely by three duplications of the ancestral vertebrate Hox cluster.

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? A) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. D) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in most animal phyla? A) The outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton. B) The outer tube consists of digestive organs. C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube. D) The two "tubes" are separated by tissue that comes from embryonic endoderm.

C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

226) Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? A) The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. B) A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. D) In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.

C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

237) Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? A) The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. B) A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. D) In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.

C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

234) A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? A) The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. B) The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. C) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. D) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.

C) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. 62) If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be inferred about the air sacs? A) They must not belong to the respiratory system. B) They cannot be derived from endoderm. C) They are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood. D) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.

C) They are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood. ** (little veins/thick)

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm? A) You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm. B) You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal. C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm. D) You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.

C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Interstitial fluid is _____. A) the internal environment inside animal cells B) identical to the composition of blood C) a common site of exchange between blood and body cells D) found only in the lumen of the small intestine

C) a common site of exchange between blood and body cells **Interstitial = (Surrounds cells of multicellular)

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms? A) dorsoventrally flattened bodies B) radial symmetry C) a digestive system with a single opening D) a distinct head

C) a digestive system with a single opening

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins? A) the medusa body form B) asexual reproduction C) a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult D) diploblastic design

C) a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following? A) evolution B) trade-off C) acclimatization D) adaptation

C) acclimatization

221) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. A) production of erythropoietin B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin D) synthesis of hemoglobin

C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin

209) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of greater than 260 mm Hg is likely to be _____. A) an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart B) a species that has very wide diameter veins C) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain D) an animal that makes frequent, quick motions

C) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group in which all of the members have fully opposable thumbs? A) apes B) Homo C) anthropoids D) primates

C) anthropoids

Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the _____. A) blastopore B) blastocoel C) archenteron D) pseudocoelom

C) archenteron (gap in blastula) **coelom = folds in mesoderm

71) In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids? A) lack of a tail B) eyes on the front of the face C) bipedal posture D) opposable thumbs

C) bipedal posture

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) birds D) tuataras

C) birds

241) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) carbon monoxide

C) carbon dioxide

Most types of communication between cells utilize _____. A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells B) the movement of the cells C) chemical or electrical signals D) the exchange of DNA between the cells

C) chemical or electrical signals

168) The bile salts _____. A) are enzymes B) are manufactured by the pancreas C) emulsify fats in the duodenum D) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice

C) emulsify fats in the duodenum

96) You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____. A) adipose B) a tendon C) epithelial D) a neuron

C) epithelial

Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. What type of tissue would you guess the term carcinoma and melanoma is most closely associated with? A) connective B) muscle C) epithelial D) nervous

C) epithelial

218) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by _____. A) low-density lipoproteins B) immunoglobulins C) erythropoietin D) epinephrine

C) erythropoietin

172) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of _____. A) protein B) sugar C) fat D) water

C) fat

173) When a woman has her gallbladder removed, she should probably reduce her consumption of _____. A) proteins B) carbohydrates C) fats D) proteins and carbohydrates

C) fats

138) Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because _____. A) folic acid supplies vitamins that only pregnant women can use B) the fetus makes high levels of folic acid C) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus D) folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn

C) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus

192) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? A) annelids B) fishes C) frogs D) insects

C) frogs

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? (diversity) A) binary fission B) random segregation C) gene duplication D) chromosomal condensation

C) gene duplication

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed _____. A) balanced equilibrium B) physiological chance C) homeostasis D) static equilibrium

C) homeostasis

157) Villi and microvilli in the small intestine _____. A) neutralize stomach acid B) activate trypsinogen C) increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption D) emulsify lipid molecules

C) increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption

Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should _____. A) show evidence of internal fertilization B) show evidence of having produced shelled eggs C) indicate limited adaptation to life on land D) feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws

C) indicate limited adaptation to life on land

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____. A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate B) expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm C) invests little energy in temperature regulation D) has greater insulation on its body surface

C) invests little energy in temperature regulation **ectotherm = cold blooded

189) A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order? A) fat, then glycogen, then protein B) glycogen, then protein, then fat C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat D) muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen

C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

231) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air B) the overproduction of surfactants C) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant D) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

C) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

187) If there is a strong genetic link for type II diabetes mellitus in your family, how might you minimize your risk of developing the disorder? A) monitor your blood glucose levels daily B) take oral insulin daily C) maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced direct, and exercise 36D) eat complex carbohydrates like starch instead of sweets

C) maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced direct, and exercise

169) The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that _____. A) fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine B) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not C) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood D) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption

C) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____. A) catalytic feedback B) positive feedback C) negative feedback D) protein-protein interactions

C) negative feedback

The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during _____. A) acclimatization B) torpor C) nonshivering thermogenesis D)shivering thermogenesis

C) nonshivering thermogenesis

A Micrscopic,Unicellular B Basketball-shaped, multicellular purple filaments C Hard branched multicell sticky 4) As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure above. Which organism would you classify as an animal? A) organism A B) organism B C) organism C

C) organism C

165) The active ingredient orlistat acts to decrease the amount of fat that is absorbed by attaching to enzymes that digest fat. Which of the following are potential targets of orlistat? A) salivary amylase B) pepsidase C) pancreatic lipase D) secretin

C) pancreatic lipase

163) Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication? A) goblet cells B) chief cells C) parietal cells D) smooth muscle cells

C) parietal cells

171) A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial _____. A) production of vitamins A and C B) absorption of organic materials C) production of vitamin K D) recovery of water from fecal matter

C) production of vitamin K

179) Coprophagy is important for the nutritional balance of _____. A) ruminants such as cows B) insects and arthropods C) rabbits and their relatives D) squirrels and some rodents

C) rabbits and their relatives

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____. A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air B) decrease their standard metabolic rate C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth D) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight

C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth

159) Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by _____. A) pH monitoring B) X-ray technology C) screening for H. pylori infections D) sonography

C) screening for H. pylori infections

188) When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is _____. A) eliminated in the feces B) stored as starch in the liver C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles D) oxidized and converted to ATP

C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

198) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A) systole of the left atrium B) diastole of the right ventricle C) systole of the left ventricle D) diastole of the right atrium

C) systole of the left ventricle

If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues, it would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the following areas? The organism would require adaptations _____. A) in its skeleton for structure B) in its nervous system for sensing external stimuli C) that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment D) D) in its muscular system for movement

C) that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment

211) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas D) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small

C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

149) Among mammals, it is generally true that _____. A) all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth B) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea D) the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach

C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____. A) all share a recent common ancestor B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming D) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water

C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming

Which of these are amniotes? A) amphibians B) fishes C) turtles D) lungfish

C) turtles ** (terrestrial eggs)

182) Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to _____. A) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer B) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy C) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease D) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite

C) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the _____. A) warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well B) warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood C) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood D) arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose

C) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) wind blowing across the body surface D) blubber or fat layer

C) wind blowing across the body surface

201) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____. A) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers B) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance C) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions D) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta

C) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

200) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____. A) 1,000 mL/minute B) 1,750 mL/minute C) 2,800 mL/minute D) 4,900 mL/minute

D) 4,900 mL/minute

240) A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _____. A) 1450 mL B) 4000 mL C) 4450 mL D) 5000 mL

D) 5000 mL

150) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in location _____. A) 1 B) 3 C) 8 D) 9

D) 9

Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. D) Examine the teeth.

D) Examine the teeth. **only bones remain

238) How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement? A) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed. B) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed. C) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise the voles. D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

166) The pancreas is involved in the digestion of _____. I) protein II) fat III) nucleic acids IV) carbohydrates A) I and III B) I, II, and IV C) II, III, and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

D) I, II, III, and IV

213) Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles III) adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins A) only I and II B) only I and III C) only II and III D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

What do all deuterostomes have in common? A) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. C) All have a spinal column. D) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

D) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones? A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. D) These bones can be observed to move from the evolving jaw to the evolving middle ear in mammalian embryos.

D) These bones can be observed to move from the evolving jaw to the evolving middle ear in mammalian embryos.

160) What is the importance of the mucins that are released by salivary glands? A) They aid in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides. 31B) They are beginning the process of starch digestion. C) They are hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth. D) They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

D) They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? A) During birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and acts to stimulate further contractions. B) When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin (a hormone that stimulates lactation). C) After a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets. D) When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

D) When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? A) There is evidence of cephalization. B) The animal is triploblastic. C) The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical. D) You see a mouth, but not an anus.

D) You see a mouth, but not an anus.

The teacher and class were especially saddened when the colonial hydrozoan died. They had watched it carefully, and the unfortunate creature never even got to produce offspring by budding. Yet, everyone was elated when one of the students noticed a small colonial hydrozoan growing in a part of the tank far from the location of the original colony. The teacher was apparently unaware that these hydrozoans exhibit _____. A) spontaneous generation B) abiogenesis C) alternation of generations D) a medusa stage

D) a medusa stage

Vertebrates and tunicates share _____. A) jaws adapted for feeding B) a high degree of cephalization C) the formation of structures from the neural crest D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey? A) a rasping tongue B) paired fins C) jaws D) a well-developed notochord

D) a well-developed notochord **(Shared: lack jaws, have cranium/pharyngeal clefts -> slits, notochord throughout life)

145) Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body. This process is known as _____. A) ingestion B) digestion C) hydrolysis D) absorption

D) absorption

220) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood C) percentage of blood volume made up of platelets D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are _____. A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest B) used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species D) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

D) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) sponges B) coral C) jellyfish D) choanoflagellates

D) choanoflagellates **protist

203) Atria contract _____. A) just prior to the beginning of diastole B) during diastole C) immediately after systole D) during systole

D) during systole

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates—a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. 36) If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding _____. A) hydra B) sponge C) gastropod D) ectoproct

D) ectoproct

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____. A) very cold environments B) very hot environments C) environments with a constant food source D) environments with variable and limited food sources

D) environments with variable and limited food sources

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _____. A) connective tissue B) smooth muscle cells C) neural tissue D) epithelial tissue

D) epithelial tissue

Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _____. A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) evaporation

D) evaporation

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____. A) countercurrent exchange B) acclimation C) vasoconstriction D) evaporation

D) evaporation

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as _____. A) proteins B) minerals C) carbohydrates D) fats

D) fats

219) To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____. A) one membrane—that of the lining in the lungs—and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood B) two membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung—and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood C) four membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary—and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood D) five membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell—to bind with hemoglobin

D) five membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell—to bind with hemoglobin

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. A) unicellular chytrid B) multicellular algae C) multicellular fungus D) flagellated protist

D) flagellated protist

194) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. A) open circulatory system B) hemocoel C) two-chambered heart D) four-chambered heart

D) four-chambered heart

207) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? A) mouse B) human C) hippopotamus D) giraffe

D) giraffe

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? The fossil record reveals an increased incidence of _____. A) worm burrows B) larger animals C) organic material D) hard parts

D) hard parts

176) Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle _____. A) are autotrophic B) re-ingest their feces C) manufacture all fifteen amino acids out of sugars in the liver D) have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

D) have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

186) In a healthy person, after a large meal, the production of _____ will increase. After fasting, the production of _____ will increase. A) trypsin; trypsinogen B) glucagon; glucose C) glucagon; pepsinogen D) insulin; glucagon

D) insulin; glucagon

All types of muscle tissue have _____. A) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope B) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated C) a response that can be consciously controlled D) interactions between actin and myosin

D) interactions between actin and myosin

The presence of a lophophore (Feeding Tube) in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species _____. A) has an exoskeleton B) grows by shedding its external covering C) is motile D) is a suspension feeder

D) is a suspension feeder

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs if _____. A) the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate B) it is actively foraging for food C) it is hibernating D) it is growing and increasing its mass

D) it is growing and increasing its mass

Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is _____. A) less active in winter because the food supply is decreased B) less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators C) more active in summer because that is the period for mating D) more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

D) more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

All animals, whether large or small, have _____. A) an external body surface that is dry B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium **binded together

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates—a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. 30) One day, Tommy, a student in an undersupervised class of forty fifth graders, got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of _____. A) teeth marks B) spines C) spicules D) nematocysts

D) nematocysts **spiny stinger

196) In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. A) always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems B) not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems C) always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems D) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

D) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

28) Which of the following factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the graph above, would account most directly for the shape of the plot? A) rate of cribrostatin synthesis B) number of pores per sponge C) number of spicules per sponge D) number of choanocytes per sponge

D) number of choanocytes per sponge **choanocytes suck in stuff from water with flagella + collar

242) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. A) the partial pressure of oxygen B) hemoglobin concentration C) temperature D) pH

D) pH

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common? A) a mouth and an anus B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox genes

D) presence of Hox genes

Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)? A) presence of teeth B) presence of four walking limbs C) ectothermy D) presence of a notochord

D) presence of a notochord

Connective tissues typically have _____. A) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells B) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble _____. A) respiring B) feeding C) moving D) respiring and feeding

D) respiring and feeding **originally functioned for suspension feeding

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight muscles via _____. A) acclimatization B) torpor C) evaporative cooling D) shivering thermogenesis

D) shivering thermogenesis

The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is _____. A) skeletal muscle B) cardiac muscle C) intercalated cells D) smooth muscle

D) smooth muscle

148) In the digestive system, peristalsis is _____. A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel D) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

D) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

139) Which of the following animals is correctly paired with its feeding mechanism? A) baleen whale — fluid feeder B) aphid — suspension feeder C) clam — substrate feeder D) snake — bulk feeder

D) snake — bulk feeder

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo? A) the chorion B) the yolk sac C) the allantois D) the amnion

D) the amnion

208) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. A) the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood B) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate C) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle D) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

D) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

199) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation B) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

244) Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases? The amount of oxygen in _____. A) arterial blood would increase B) arterial blood would decrease C) venous blood would increase D) venous blood would decrease

D) venous blood would decrease

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the LEAST reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of _____. A) food eaten in one day B) heat generated in one day C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day D) water consumed in one day

D) water consumed in one day