Chapter 7

After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with a) anterograde amnesia. b) retrograde amnesia. c) proactive interference. d) retroactive interference.

retrograde amnesia

The ability to direct mental resources to relevant information in order to process that information further, while also ignoring irrelevant information.

selective attention

Hogan remembers the general information about a movie he saw a long time ago. He cannot remember the actors or the details from the movie but knows that it was a romantic comedy. Hogan's memory of this movie is a(n) ________ memory. a) semantic b) implicit c) procedural d) classically conditioned

semantic

If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory. a) procedural b) implicit c) episodic d) semantic

semantic

A type of explicit memory that includes a person's knowledge about the world.

semantic memory

A memory storage system that very briefly holds a vast amount of information from the five senses in close to their original sensory formats.

sensory storage

Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his a) short-term storage. b) working memory. c) sensory storage. d) long-term storage.

sensory storage

Lisa is driving to school when she sees a yellow traffic light ahead. According to the three-part model of memory storage, Lisa will first maintain information about the yellow light in her a) working memory. b) short-term storage. c) long-term storage. d) sensory storage.

sensory storage

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.

short-term storage

Olga does not have a pen handy, so she mentally rehearses the phone number her boss told her to call. While __________ memory provides storage for the phone number, __________ memory allows her to rehearse it for longer maintenance. a) working; short-term b) long-term; working c) short-term; working d) sensory; short-term

short-term; working

After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold key words in coded representations in a network of neurons in your brain. In memory, this process is called a) retrieval. b) attention. c) encoding. d) storage.

storage

The retention of information in the brain over time.

storage

Explicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the a) cerebellum. b) amygdala. c) temporal lobe. d) prefrontal cortex.

temporal lobe

On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys french fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want french fries because a) eating hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory. b) he misattributed his memory of the ad to being about french fries. c) the hamburger activated the node for french fries. d) the french fries were encoded with the hamburger in the ad.

the hamburger activated the node for french fries

You are working on a crossword puzzle. Even though you know the answer to a question, you cannot remember the actual word. You remember the shape of the word, the first letter of the word, and other related words and ideas, but you cannot remember the word itself. You are experiencing a) suggestibility. b) interference. c) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. d) absentmindedness.

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories. a) able; able b) able; unable c) unable; able d) unable; unable

unable; able

Short-term storage a) holds information for up to a second. b) involves primarily semantic encoding. c) has virtually unlimited capacity. d) uses working memory to help maintain information.

uses working memory to help maintain information

You are paying close attention to the basketball game on the TV. Suddenly, your roommate talking to someone on the phone about the upcoming psychology exam in the class you both will take distracts you. This conversation most likely captured your attention because it a) required fewer mental processes. b) was loud. c) was personally important. d) did not require shadowing.

was personally important

Filter theory helps explain all of the following memory phenomena EXCEPT a) how we are "blind" to large changes in what happens around us. b) how we selectively attend to important information. c) why we tend to process personally irrelevant information. d) the ability to shadow words heard in one ear.

why we tend to process personally irrelevant information

At a café, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your ________ memory. a) working b) episodic c) semantic d) procedural

working

An active processing system that allows manipulation of different types of information to keep it available for current use.

working memory

While you are driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Which of the following statements best illustrates the reason your memory is created this way? a) The memory retrieval system is complex and one cannot always recall information stored in the brain. b) Memory storage is limited and one cannot encode information that exceeds the capability of sensory storage. c) Information encoding is complex and one cannot process two or more visual features simultaneously. d) Attention is limited and one must be selective about what one pays attention to.

Attention is limited and one must be selective about what one pays attention to.

In an innovative study, two groups of participants memorized the same list of words, but one group was on land and the other in water. This study demonstrated the context-dependent memory effect. What was the conclusion of this study? a) Both groups were able to recall more words on land, because land is the natural environment of human beings. b) Both groups recalled the words better when they were under water, because the unusual setting provided a retrieval cue. c) Each group recalled more words in the opposite setting from where they learned the words, because being in a new context served as a retrieval cue. d) Both groups recalled words better when they were tested in the same environment where they had learned them.

Both groups recalled words better when they were tested in the same environment where they had learned them.

Corbin wants to know which strategy is best for encoding information in his long-term memory. If he is trying to remember a long list of dates for a history test, which strategy would you advise? a) Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of elaborative rehearsal. b) Corbin should perform maintenance rehearsal until it is time for the test. c) Corbin should repeat the list over and over until he can recall it perfectly. d) Corbin should hope the list has no more than eight items, or else he will not be able to pass the test.

Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of elaborative rehearsal.

Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of knowledge. Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist a) Edward Thorndike. b) John Watson. c) Edward Tolman. d) Albert Bandura.

Edward Tolman

Which of the following individuals is suffering from retrograde amnesia? a) Eva; after waking up from a coma, Eva cannot recall why she is in the hospital or her family members' names. b) Adam; after recovering from a concussion, Adam cannot encode or store any new information with which he is presented. c) Amy; while attending her psychology class, Amy cannot remember lecture materials well because the material from her previous sociology class keeps showing up in her mind. d) Michael; while reviewing what he learned in class one day, Michael is unable to recall information he learned from chemistry class in the morning because he keeps thinking about material covered in math class in the afternoon.

Eva; after waking up from a coma, Eva cannot recall why she is in the hospital or her family members' names.

In a memory experiment, Group A is asked to listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of e's in the words. Group C is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the levels of processing model, ________ will remember the most words because ________. a) Group A; of maintenance rehearsal b) Group B; of auditory encoding c) Group C; of elaborative rehearsal d) all groups; they all listened to the same amount of words

Group C; of elaborative rehearsal

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a) Celica remembers that her friends threw her a surprise party when she turned 18 years old. b) Nathan becomes anxious for his following dentist visits because the dentist used a drill on his teeth that hurt a lot. c) Elizabeth remembers that there are three phases for memory storage. d) Thomas recalls that classical conditioning involves the association between two different stimuli.

Nathan becomes anxious for his following dentist visits because the dentist used a drill on his teeth that hurt a lot.

Patient L.P. has anterograde amnesia following a boating accident. Through a series of tests, doctors have confirmed that her implicit memory is unimpaired, although both types of explicit memory are damaged. Which of the following would L.P. be able to do after her injury? a) She could still learn new facts and general knowledge. b) She could still form memories based on her own experiences. c) She could still learn new skills, such as riding a bike. d) She could still form memories of new people that she meets.

She could still learn new skills, such as riding a bike.

The person who is most closely associated with the study of the unconscious is a) Sigmund Freud. b) William James. c) Wilhelm Wundt. d) B.F. Skinner.

Sigmund Freud

While Terri usually can't remember what she ate for lunch, she recalls a wide number of facts and is someone you always want on your team for trivia games. Which of these statements is true? a) Terri has good episodic memory, but poor semantic memory. b) Terri has good semantic memory, but poor episodic memory. c) Terri has good implicit memory, but poor explicit memory. d) Terri has good explicit memory, but poor implicit memory.

Terri has good semantic memory, but poor episodic memory.

Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court? a) Abby, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it hit the car?" b) Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?" c) Tony, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it bumped the car?" d) Leroy, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when the accident happened?"

Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?"

Shazia describes a made-up story to Ronald in vivid detail about a time that they got into serious trouble as young children. Later on, Ronald remembers the event even though it never actually happened. Ronald is most likely experiencing a) persistence. b) a false memory. c) blocking. d) retroactive interference.

a false memory

Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling a) a photograph he saw less than a second ago. b) a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago. c) the multiplication tables he learned in third grade. d) how to ride his bicycle.

a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago

Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our a) sensory storage does not last long enough. b) long-term storage is limited. c) ability to direct attention is limited. d) brains' networks of neurons change over time.

ability to direct attention is limited

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories after experiencing a brain injury.

anterograde amnesia

Scientists have created a drug that leaves your existing memory intact but eliminates your ability to form any new memories. This drug seems to create a) anterograde amnesia. b) proactive interference. c) retrograde amnesia. d) retroactive interference.

anterograde amnesia

Ted has brain damage after an accident. Although he can clearly remember everything from before the accident, he forgets what people are saying to him within a few minutes. Ted is most likely experiencing a) retrograde amnesia. b) retroactive interference. c) anterograde amnesia. d) proactive interference.

anterograde amnesia

Marina has struggled with exams all semester. She has started to worry that she has memory problems, but her roommate points out that Marina checks email, texts, and listens to music while studying. In other words, Marina's real problem isn't memory but which of the following? a) storage b) encoding c) attention d) retrieval

attention

Your roommate asks you which section of chemistry you are taking next semester. Even though you have just registered for the class, you cannot confidently tell her the section. You are astonished to realize that you suddenly cannot remember the section for which you registered. Your memory lapse is an example of a) interference. b) suggestibility. c) blocking. d) absentmindedness.

blocking

Long-term storage a) stores information for a limited amount of time. b) involves primarily acoustic encoding. c) can use dual coding for better encoding. d) uses working memory to help maintain information.

can use dual coding for better encoding

Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using ________ to aid her memory. a) dual coding b) maintenance rehearsal c) the recency effect d) chunking

chunking

Using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.

chunking

A process where immediate memories become lasting memories when new neural connections are created and prior neural connections get stronger.

consolidation

Sleep disturbances interfere with the ________ of memories. a) consolidation b) misattribution c) suggestibility d) persistence

consolidation

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory. a) semantic b) episodic c) context-dependent d) state-dependent

context-dependent

The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the encoding environment and the recall environment are the same is called a) context-dependent memory. b) state-dependent memory. c) proactive interference. d) retroactive interference.

context-dependent memory

Human memory is not a perfectly accurate representation of the past, but is flawed.

distortion

Fadeke is studying for her English literature test. For each novel she reads, she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life. In order to remember the novels, Fadeke is using the memory strategy called a) maintenance rehearsal. b) elaborative rehearsal. c) the primacy effect. d) the recency effect.

elaborative rehearsal

Using working memory processes to think about how new information relates to yourself or your prior knowledge (semantic information); provides deeper encoding of information for more successful long-term storage.

elaborative rehearsal

The processing of information so it can be stored in the brain.

encoding

According to the three-part model of memory storage, four different processes are required in order to move information from one memory story to the next. The correct order of the four different processes is a) encoding, retrieval, working memory, and attention. b) attention, encoding, retrieval, and working memory. c) working memory, attention, encoding, and retrieval. d) encoding, attention, working memory, and retrieval.

encoding, attention, working memory, and retrieval.

If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory. a) procedural b) implicit c) episodic d) classically conditioned

episodic

A type of explicit memory that includes a person's personal experiences.

episodic memory

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent ________ memory but may have poor ________ memory. a) episodic; semantic b) semantic; episodic c) implicit; explicit d) explicit; implicit

episodic; semantic

The system for long-term storage of conscious memories that can be verbally described.

explicit memory

Yu vividly remembers the day her husband surprised her with an emotional and dramatic marriage proposal. Research suggests that this ________ memory is ________ ordinary memories. a) semantic; more accurate than b) semantic; as accurate as c) flashbulb; less accurate than d) flashbulb; at least as accurate as

flashbulb; at least as accurate as

You vividly remember where you were when you heard about the Boston Marathon bombing. What you remember is a(n) ________ memory and you are likely to be ________ a memory for an ordinary event. a) flashbulb; more confident about it than b) flashbulb; as confident about it as c) implicit; more confident about it than d) implicit; as confident about it as

flashbulb; more confident about it than

The inability to access a memory from long-term storage.

forgetting

Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia, which means that he has difficulty a) remembering familiar people's names. b) recovering semantic memories. c) remembering events from his childhood. d) forming new memories.

forming new memories

In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words shown on a screen. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you realize that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you a) expand the capacity of your sensory storage. b) try to focus on one code (visual or auditory) instead of dual codes. c) group words together in meaningful ways. d) avoid using attention processes for working memory.

group words together in meaningful ways

Sensory storage a) holds the information for up to 20 seconds. b) is encoded only by the eyes and ears. c) has a relatively large capacity. d) involves primarily semantic encoding.

has a relatively large capacity

Jorge knows that Monika goes to a lot of parties. When Bella asks Jorge what Monika is like, he tells him that Monika drinks a lot of alcohol. Even though Jorge only knows that Monika goes to parties, he tells Bella that Monika drinks a lot because he a) has a schema about going to parties that includes drinking alcohol. b) did not encode the original information about Monika properly. c) has a memory bias against people who like to go to parties. d) retrieved his memory about Monika in a context that involved drinking alcohol.

has a schema about going to parties that includes drinking alcohol

The system for long-term storage of unconscious memories that cannot be verbally described.

implicit memory

Research has shown that the consolidation of memories a) is aided by a good night's sleep. b) occurs mainly in the cerebellum. c) never changes the original memory. d) is disrupted by retrograde amnesia.

is aided by a good night's sleep

Daniel uses his laptop computer in class to take notes because he believes that it is a more efficient way to take notes. He thinks it will improve his grades because he can type faster than he can write so he can record more information. Daniel's teacher has read the research on the topic, and explains to Daniel that using a laptop to take notes in class a) leads to poorer grades on tests of that material. b) is only effective if a student also makes an audio recording of the class while typing the notes. c) does improve test scores, but the noise made by using a computer is a distraction to students sitting around him. d) only helps when students have a diagnosed learning disability.

leads to poorer grades on tests of that material.

Which of the following models of memory best illustrates the idea that our memory enhances by encoding the information with a deeper understanding? a) levels of processing model b) three-part model of memory storage c) spreading activation model d) multiple memory system model

levels of processing model

A memory storage system that allows relatively permanent storage, probably of an unlimited amount of information.

long-term storage

Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is INCORRECT because a) research-related information is stored in semantic memory. b) the students' names are maintained in short-term storage. c) long-term storage holds virtually unlimited amounts of information. d) working memory allows him to continually maintain both sets of information.

long-term storage holds virtually unlimited amounts of information.

Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in long-term storage by using a) elaborative rehearsal. b) maintenance rehearsal. c) dual coding. d) chunking.

maintenance rehearsal

Using working memory processes to repeat information based on how it sounds (auditory information); provides only shallow encoding of information and less successful long-term storage.

maintenance rehearsal

The nervous system's ability to obtain and retain information and skills for later retrieval.

memory

Ritchard's boyfriend, Kenny, cheated on him and lied about it, so Ritchard ended their relationship. Now when Ritchard thinks about Kenny he realizes that he has many memories of times that Kenny lied to him. In this situation, Ritchard's memories are most likely being affected by a) blocking. b) cryptomnesia. c) memory bias. d) context-dependent memory.

memory bias

You remember how to get to a specific store in your local shopping mall by mentally picturing each store that you pass as you get to that store. You are employing which of the following? a) method of loci b) maintenance rehearsal c) chunking d) context-dependent memory

method of loci

Laden has a memory of getting a teddy bear at a childhood birthday party. However, she remembers that a friend gave it to her, but her parents actually gave it to her, as confirmed by the birthday card. Laden is experiencing a) cryptomnesia. b) misattribution. c) retrograde amnesia. d) anterograde amnesia.

misattribution

According to the idea that information is held in long-term storage in networks of associations, each unit of information in the network is a(n) a) node. b) schema. c) association. d) feature.

node

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an example of a) retrograde amnesia. b) anterograde amnesia. c) persistence. d) blocking

persistence

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories from long-term storage.

persistence

Teresa's house was destroyed when Hurricane Michael hit Florida. The memory of how she had to run back to the house to rescue her dog keeps coming to her mind even though she very much wants to get rid of that memory. Teresa is most likely experiencing a) prospective memory. b) persistence in memory. c) anterograde amnesia. d) retrograde amnesia.

persistence in memory

Working memories are stored in the part of the brain called the a) cerebellum. b) amygdala. c) temporal lobe. d) prefrontal cortex.

prefrontal cortex

Ali's previous boyfriend was named Sam and her new boyfriend is named Stan. When she accidentally calls her new boyfriend by the name Sam, she explains to him that her mistake was due to a) retrograde amnesia. b) proactive interference. c) retroactive interference. d) anterograde amnesia.

proactive interference

Meredith has a Spanish exam this week. She used to study Latin, and she is afraid that her old memories of Latin will interfere with her ability to remember Spanish vocabulary. Which of the following is Meredith concerned about? a) proactive interference b) retroactive interference c) blocking d) persistence

proactive interference

When access to newer memories is impaired by older memories.

proactive interference

You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. You have trouble learning Portuguese because the Spanish you learned in high school keeps coming to mind. This outcome is most likely due to a) anterograde amnesia. b) retrograde amnesia. c) proactive interference. d) retroactive interference.

proactive interference

Dustin is preparing to run a half-marathon to raise money for his favorite charity. When he is on his training runs he does not think about his technique, but just runs and tries to let his mind wander so that he doesn't focus on any pain or fatigue he experiences. Dustin's ability to remember the motor skills of running without consciously thinking about them suggests that he is using __________ memory. a) procedural b) explicit c) semantic d) episodic

procedural

Tami's father used to roller skate as a child but has not skated for many years. When he goes skating with Tami he will most likely remember how to skate due to his ________ memory. a) episodic b) procedural c) semantic d) explicit

procedural

A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits.

procedural memory

Which of the following is a type of implicit memory? a) episodic memory b) procedural memory c) facts d) semantic memory

procedural memory

People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to write down the steps involved in putting on a button-down shirt. This difference suggests that ________ memory is typically an ________ memory. a) procedural; explicit b) procedural; implicit c) episodic; explicit d) episodic; implicit

procedural; implicit

On her way to work, Julia's wife reminds her that she needs to pick up milk on her way home from work. To remember to pick up milk on her way home, Julia should use her ________ memory. a) implicit b) procedural c) semantic d) prospective

prospective

Remembering to do something at some future time.

prospective memory

George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test. According to the levels of processing model of memory, to remember the most names, George should a) study in the same room where the test will be given. b) write the names down over and over again. c) relate the names to information he already knows. d) repeat the names to himself many times.

relate the names to information he already knows

If Carl's episodic long-term memory was impaired, he would be unable to a) maintain information in short-term memory via rehearsal. b) recall simple facts, such as his parents' names. c) speak, but he could still comprehend language through listening. d) remember details of his own personal life.

remember details of his own life

For the past two weeks, Manuel has been studying for an upcoming psychology exam. Even though he read the textbook carefully every day while studying, during the exam, he could not recall the material regarding how psychologists studied the mental processes of memory. Manuel most likely experienced a problem in the ________ process of memory. a) storage b) encoding c) retrieval d) attention

retrieval

The act of accessing stored information when it is needed.

retrieval

When Karl was a child, he loved to sit in his grandmother's kitchen watching her cook Italian food. Now, whenever he smells Italian food, he instantly remembers those childhood times. For Karl, the smell of Italian food is a ________ for memories about his grandmother. a) retrieval cue b) suggestibility c) mnemonic d) method of loci

retrieval cue

Anything that helps a person access information in long-term storage.

retrieval cues

When access to older memories is impaired by newer memories.

retroactive interference

A condition in which people lose the ability to access memories they had before a brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

A person who has experienced the loss of past memories may be experiencing a) proactive interference. b) retroactive interference. c) anterograde amnesia. d) retrograde amnesia.

retrograde amnesia