Chapter 7
rules that you should know about when working with IP addresses
1-All host addresses on a network must be unique. 2-On a routed network (such as the Internet), all network addresses must be unique as well. 3-Neither the network ID nor the host ID can be set to all 0s. A host ID portion of all 0s means "this network." 4-Neither the network ID nor the host ID can be set to all 1s. A host ID portion of all 1s means "all hosts on this network," commonly known as a broadcast address.
POP3 Port
110
SMB/CIFS Port
137-139, 445
IMAP4 Port
143
SNMP Port
161
FTP Port
20, 21
SSH Port
22
Telnet Port
23
SMTP Port
25
RDP Port
3389
LDAP Port
389
AFP Port
427, 548
HTTPS Port
443
DNS Port
53
DHCP Port
67, 68
HTTP Port
80
Server Message Block (SMB)
A Microsoft-developed protocol used to provide shared access to files, printers, and other network resources. It runs on port 445.
Domain Name System (DNS)
A TCP/IP name resolution system that resolves hostnames to IP addresses.
Post Office Protocol (POP)
A TCP/IP protocol optimized for receiving email. The current standard is POP3, which uses port 110.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
A TCP/IP protocol optimized for sending email. It uses port 25.
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
A TCP/IP protocol used to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite, it establishes connections and guarantees packet delivery.
Department of Defense (DOD) model
A four-layer networking model loosely corresponding to the OSI model, which formed the basis for the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
octet
A grouping of 8 bits.
multicast
A message sent to multiple hosts. The term is used in IPv4 and IPv6 to refer to a controlled, small-scale broadcast.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
A protocol (and service) in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It automatically configures network clients with IP configuration information when they join the network.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
A protocol designed to speed up an administrator's organization of and access to critical network directories.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
A protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite that is optimized for file transfers. It uses ports 20 and 21
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
A protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite that is the backbone for Internet (Web) traffic. It uses port 80.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
A protocol that gathers and manages network performance information. The current version is SNMPv3, and it runs on ports 161 and 162
push protocol
A protocol that is designed to send only, such as SMTP.
Secure Shell (SSH)
A protocol that runs on port 22, setting up a secure Telnet session, and is used for remote logins and remotely executing programs and transferring files.
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
A protocol used for downloading email. The most current version is IMAPv4.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
A secure version of the HTTP protocol that uses TCP port 443.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
A set of computer-to-computer communications protocols that encompasses media access, packet transport, session communications, file transfer, email, and terminal emulation. TCP/IP is supported by a very large number of hardware and software vendors, and it is available on many different computers, from PCs to mainframes.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Also written as ::1. Equivalent to the loopback address of 127.0.0.1 in IPv4.
anycast
An IPv6 address that has been assigned to multiple nodes, or a message sent from one host to any node in a group of nodes.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
An element of the TCP/IP protocol suite that transmits error messages and network statistics.
Telnet
An unsecure terminal emulation protocol that runs on port 23.
host
Any computer or device on a TCP/IP network that has an IP address.
APIPA
Automatic Private IP Addressing (169.254.x.x)
10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
Class A - Subnet 255.0.0 - 16.7 million hosts
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
Class B - Subnet 255.240.0.0 - 1 million hosts
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
Class C - subnet 255.255.0.0 - 65,536 hosts
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Equals::, and is equivalent to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4. It usually means that the host is not configured.
2000::/3
Global unicast address range for use on the Internet.
HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
CIDR - classless inter-domain routing
IP address spaces that do not correspond directly to Class A, B, or C networks. It can be described as a "slash x" network. The x represents the number of bits in the network address.
unicast
In IPv6, an address that identifies a single node on the network, or a message sent from one node to another node on the network.
default gateway
In TCP/IP terms, the address of the router that takes you outside of the network.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
IMAP
Internet Message Access Protocol
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
It assigns IP addresses and other IP configuration information to network clients. Configuring your network clients to receive their IP addresses from a DHCP server reduces network administration headaches.
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
It gathers and manages network performance information.
AFP - Apple Filing Protocol
It is a file transfer protocol similar to FTP and SMB (Server Message Block). It was the default file transfer protocol on Mac OS until Apple changed to SMB2 in 2013.
SFTP - Secure File Transfer Protocol
It is used as an alternative to FTP when you need to transfer files over a secure, encrypted connection.
CIFS - Common Internet File System
It is used to share files and printers between computers, regardless of the operating system that they run. It's been the default file and print sharing protocol on Windows-based computers since Windows 2000.
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
It manages the communication between a web server and client and lets you connect to and view all of the content that you enjoy on the internet. The most commonly used Process/Application layer protocol is HTTP.
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
FE80::/10
Link local unicast range.
static IP addressing
Manually configuring a host with an IP address and information, as opposed to obtaining the address dynamically through a DHCP server
FF00::/8
Multicast range.
port number
The logical channel that TCP/IP-based protocols use to communicate.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
FC00::/7
Unique local unicast address range.
Class B networks
always have the first two bits set at 10 (decimal values from 128 to 191) and are designed for medium-sized networks
Class A networks
are defined as those with the first bit set as 0 (decimal values from 0 to 127) and are designed for very large networks
Class C networks
have the first three bits set at 110 (decimal values from 192 to 223) and are designed for smaller networks
DNS
Domain Name Service
POP3
Post Office Protocol 3
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
Protocol developed by Microsoft for users to be able to log into a computer remotely.
RDP
Remote Desktop Protocol
RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
SSH
Secure Shell
SMB
Server Message Block
DHCP server
Server that automatically assigns TCP/IP configuration information to client computers.
DNS server
Server that resolves hostnames to IP addresses, typically associated with Internet name resolution.
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
