Chapter 7 BIOL Nutrition

1)Alcohol is treated as a priority for absorption above other nutrients in the _______ (two words). 2)This occurs for two reasons:

1. small intestine 2. Alcohol cannot be stored, and it is potentially toxic

One glucose yields __ acetyl CoA

2

One glucose yields __ pyruvates.

2

In the process of fatty acid oxidation, fatty acids are taken apart ______ fragments at a time. They then form _______. As this occurs, ______ and electrons are released and carried to the electron transport chain.

2 carbon; acetyl CoA; hydrogens

ATP contains __ phosphate groups.

3

The stomach releases the enzyme _______ (two words). Less of this is produced by ______.

Alcohol dehydrogenase; women

______ refers to when someone chooses not to eat. Compared to ______, when they have no choice.

Fasting; starvation

Fatty foods keep food in the stomach longer because

Fatty foods slow peristalsis

If the body needs quick energy the process will be

anaerobic

Before amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway, _______ must occur. This removes the _____-containing amino group.

deamination; nitrogen

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one (s) can lead to storage of fat?

fat, carbohydrate, and protein

Amino acids that are converted to glucose are

glucogenic

Some amino acids can enter the TCA cycle directly, they are

glucogenic

Glycerol and amino acids can provide _____ because they can be converted to pyruvate

glucose

Glycerol can be converted to _____ or _____.

glucose; pyruvate

Fats (triglycerides) are broken down to form

glycerol and fatty acids

Following a meal, glucose, ______, and fat are used as needed. The rest is _____.

glycerol; stored

After several hours of fasting, liver _____ depletes. As a result, blood _____ levels drop.

glycogen; glucose

The process of turning glucose into pyruvate

glycolysis

What is the order of the four steps that may be used to convert a macronutrient into energy?

glycolysis, the intermediate step, the TCA cycle, the electron transport chain

When the body converts food energy to cellular energy, almost half is lost as ____.

heat

Inside the human body, the mitochondria _____.

house enzymes that are involved in the process of energy metabolism

In ATP, The bonds between the phosphate groups are readily _____. This releases ______.

hydrolyzed; energy

catabolic reactions

include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein

anabolic reactions

include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein

Amino acids that are converted to acetyl CoA are

ketogenic

During a prolonged fast, the body produces an alternative fuel source known as _____.

ketone bodies

Incomplete fat breakdown

ketones

The citric acid cycle takes place in the inner compartment of the ______. It is a ______ path. This is because a 4-carbon compound called ________ is needed for the first step and is synthesized at the last step.

mitochondria; circular; oxaloacetate

A diet that provides ample carbohydrate ensures an adequate supply of _____.

oxaloacetate

Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last step of the TCA cycle?

oxaloacetate

_____ accepts electrons. This combines with hydrogen atoms to form _______.

oxygen; water

The electron transport chain consists of a series of _____ that serve as electron "carriers."

proteins

3-carbon structure can be used to make glucose

pyruvate

Amino acids converted to _____ can make glucose.

pyruvate

Intermediate Step

pyruvate to acetyl CoA

During aerobic glycolysis

pyruvate will turn into Acetyl CoA

During anaerobic glycolysis

pyruvate will turn into lactate

Some amino acids enter energy pathways after being converted to _____, others as acetyl CoA. Others enter the ______ (3 words) directly.

pyruvate; TCA

The key element in catabolic reactions is that they _____.

release energy

The glycolysis pathway _____.

results in the formation of pyruvate

When the body needs energy quickly for a short amount of time, pyruvate is converted to lactate.

true

In the first few days of fasting, body proteins provide ___ percent of the glucose needed. The other __ percent is provided by glycerol.

90; 10

A "drink" is defined as:

A drink with ½ ounce of pure ethanol

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A way to take all of the hydrogen from step 1, 2, & 3 and use to make ATP

TCA cycle

A way to take small molecules like Acetyl CoA and tear Hydrogen off of them

The electron transport chain captures energy in the high-energy bonds of ____.

ATP

_____ is the high-energy compound that powers all activities in living cells.

ATP

2-carbon structure cannot be used to make glucose

Acetyl CoA

Fatty acids are converted to ______.

Acetyl CoA

Glucose and fatty acids are broken down into ______, which enters the energy pathway.

Acetyl CoA

ATP is composed of

Adenosine and 3 phosphate groups

Uses energy to build compounds

Anabolism

Breaks compounds and releases energy

Catabolism

New glucose made from amino acids

Gluconeogenesis

Carbohydrates are broken down during digestion to form:

Glucose

What metabolic process occurs during the first 2-3 hours of fasting?

Glucose is released from the liver and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue.

Used first

Glycogen

Increase urine production

Glycogen and protein breakdown

Are the most metabolically active of body cells

Liver

Janelle always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size boyfriend after they drink the same amount of alcohol. How would you explain this observation?

Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase and thus absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream.

______ is the compound that enters the citric acid cycle.

acetyl CoA

If the body needs slower energy the process will be

aerobic

Energy is needed

all the time

Proteins are broken down into:

amino acids

When glycogen stores become depleted after a 24-hour fast, the body synthesizes glucose needed by the brain and red blood cells from

amino acids

Glycolysis is the process of _____.

breaking down glucose into pyruvate

Which fat-formation pathway is the most efficient and direct?

conversion of dietary fat to body fat

Anabolic reactions are those that _____.

convert small molecules to larger ones

______ reactions are when energy is simultaneously consumed by reactions as energy is produced.

coupled

Energy is harnessed through the ________

electron transport chain

The chain is a series of proteins that carry _____.

electrons

How the body obtains and uses energy from food

energy metabolism

Alcohol requires digestion.

false

Both pyruvate and acetyl CoA can both be used to make glucose.

false

Ketosis is a protective mechanism that induces a person to eat more.

false

The amount of energy that cells expend to fulfill basic life functions is about 25 percent of all energy consumed by a healthy adult human each day.

false

The breakdown of carbohydrates yields glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids.

false

The major fuels a healthy adult body relies on include ketone bodies, lactate, and glycerol.

false

The small intestine is the most active nutrient-processing organ in the human body.

false

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known as the powerhouse of animal cells. "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum" seems odd; it would replace with an actual term in the chapter.

false

The body doesn't distinguish between fasting and starving. When energy is needed, the body draws on its stores of ____ and glycogen

fat

Carbohydrates ____ alcohol absorption.

slow

Eating protein and kcalories in excess of daily needs results in the excess amino acids being _____.

stored as fat

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvate

TCA

the citric acid cycle

Alcohol affects every organ in the body, but it is especially damaging to the liver.

true

Catabolic reactions are those in which large molecules are broken down and energy is released.

true

Deamination is the process by which amino acids lose their nitrogen-containing amino group

true

Fat cells enlarge if excess carbohydrate, protein, or fat is consumed in the human diet

true

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is produced from amino acids or glycerol.

true

Two to three hours after a meal, the body breaks down its glycogen and fat stores for energy.

true

When carbohydrates are unavailable, proteins can be converted to glucose.

true