Chapter 7 BIOL Nutrition
1)Alcohol is treated as a priority for absorption above other nutrients in the _______ (two words). 2)This occurs for two reasons:
1. small intestine 2. Alcohol cannot be stored, and it is potentially toxic
One glucose yields __ acetyl CoA
2
One glucose yields __ pyruvates.
2
In the process of fatty acid oxidation, fatty acids are taken apart ______ fragments at a time. They then form _______. As this occurs, ______ and electrons are released and carried to the electron transport chain.
2 carbon; acetyl CoA; hydrogens
ATP contains __ phosphate groups.
3
The stomach releases the enzyme _______ (two words). Less of this is produced by ______.
Alcohol dehydrogenase; women
______ refers to when someone chooses not to eat. Compared to ______, when they have no choice.
Fasting; starvation
Fatty foods keep food in the stomach longer because
Fatty foods slow peristalsis
If the body needs quick energy the process will be
anaerobic
Before amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway, _______ must occur. This removes the _____-containing amino group.
deamination; nitrogen
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one (s) can lead to storage of fat?
fat, carbohydrate, and protein
Amino acids that are converted to glucose are
glucogenic
Some amino acids can enter the TCA cycle directly, they are
glucogenic
Glycerol and amino acids can provide _____ because they can be converted to pyruvate
glucose
Glycerol can be converted to _____ or _____.
glucose; pyruvate
Fats (triglycerides) are broken down to form
glycerol and fatty acids
Following a meal, glucose, ______, and fat are used as needed. The rest is _____.
glycerol; stored
After several hours of fasting, liver _____ depletes. As a result, blood _____ levels drop.
glycogen; glucose
The process of turning glucose into pyruvate
glycolysis
What is the order of the four steps that may be used to convert a macronutrient into energy?
glycolysis, the intermediate step, the TCA cycle, the electron transport chain
When the body converts food energy to cellular energy, almost half is lost as ____.
heat
Inside the human body, the mitochondria _____.
house enzymes that are involved in the process of energy metabolism
In ATP, The bonds between the phosphate groups are readily _____. This releases ______.
hydrolyzed; energy
catabolic reactions
include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein
anabolic reactions
include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein
Amino acids that are converted to acetyl CoA are
ketogenic
During a prolonged fast, the body produces an alternative fuel source known as _____.
ketone bodies
Incomplete fat breakdown
ketones
The citric acid cycle takes place in the inner compartment of the ______. It is a ______ path. This is because a 4-carbon compound called ________ is needed for the first step and is synthesized at the last step.
mitochondria; circular; oxaloacetate
A diet that provides ample carbohydrate ensures an adequate supply of _____.
oxaloacetate
Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last step of the TCA cycle?
oxaloacetate
_____ accepts electrons. This combines with hydrogen atoms to form _______.
oxygen; water
The electron transport chain consists of a series of _____ that serve as electron "carriers."
proteins
3-carbon structure can be used to make glucose
pyruvate
Amino acids converted to _____ can make glucose.
pyruvate
Intermediate Step
pyruvate to acetyl CoA
During aerobic glycolysis
pyruvate will turn into Acetyl CoA
During anaerobic glycolysis
pyruvate will turn into lactate
Some amino acids enter energy pathways after being converted to _____, others as acetyl CoA. Others enter the ______ (3 words) directly.
pyruvate; TCA
The key element in catabolic reactions is that they _____.
release energy
The glycolysis pathway _____.
results in the formation of pyruvate
When the body needs energy quickly for a short amount of time, pyruvate is converted to lactate.
true
In the first few days of fasting, body proteins provide ___ percent of the glucose needed. The other __ percent is provided by glycerol.
90; 10
A "drink" is defined as:
A drink with ½ ounce of pure ethanol
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
A way to take all of the hydrogen from step 1, 2, & 3 and use to make ATP
TCA cycle
A way to take small molecules like Acetyl CoA and tear Hydrogen off of them
The electron transport chain captures energy in the high-energy bonds of ____.
ATP
_____ is the high-energy compound that powers all activities in living cells.
ATP
2-carbon structure cannot be used to make glucose
Acetyl CoA
Fatty acids are converted to ______.
Acetyl CoA
Glucose and fatty acids are broken down into ______, which enters the energy pathway.
Acetyl CoA
ATP is composed of
Adenosine and 3 phosphate groups
Uses energy to build compounds
Anabolism
Breaks compounds and releases energy
Catabolism
New glucose made from amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
Carbohydrates are broken down during digestion to form:
Glucose
What metabolic process occurs during the first 2-3 hours of fasting?
Glucose is released from the liver and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue.
Used first
Glycogen
Increase urine production
Glycogen and protein breakdown
Are the most metabolically active of body cells
Liver
Janelle always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size boyfriend after they drink the same amount of alcohol. How would you explain this observation?
Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase and thus absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream.
______ is the compound that enters the citric acid cycle.
acetyl CoA
If the body needs slower energy the process will be
aerobic
Energy is needed
all the time
Proteins are broken down into:
amino acids
When glycogen stores become depleted after a 24-hour fast, the body synthesizes glucose needed by the brain and red blood cells from
amino acids
Glycolysis is the process of _____.
breaking down glucose into pyruvate
Which fat-formation pathway is the most efficient and direct?
conversion of dietary fat to body fat
Anabolic reactions are those that _____.
convert small molecules to larger ones
______ reactions are when energy is simultaneously consumed by reactions as energy is produced.
coupled
Energy is harnessed through the ________
electron transport chain
The chain is a series of proteins that carry _____.
electrons
How the body obtains and uses energy from food
energy metabolism
Alcohol requires digestion.
false
Both pyruvate and acetyl CoA can both be used to make glucose.
false
Ketosis is a protective mechanism that induces a person to eat more.
false
The amount of energy that cells expend to fulfill basic life functions is about 25 percent of all energy consumed by a healthy adult human each day.
false
The breakdown of carbohydrates yields glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids.
false
The major fuels a healthy adult body relies on include ketone bodies, lactate, and glycerol.
false
The small intestine is the most active nutrient-processing organ in the human body.
false
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known as the powerhouse of animal cells. "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum" seems odd; it would replace with an actual term in the chapter.
false
The body doesn't distinguish between fasting and starving. When energy is needed, the body draws on its stores of ____ and glycogen
fat
Carbohydrates ____ alcohol absorption.
slow
Eating protein and kcalories in excess of daily needs results in the excess amino acids being _____.
stored as fat
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvate
TCA
the citric acid cycle
Alcohol affects every organ in the body, but it is especially damaging to the liver.
true
Catabolic reactions are those in which large molecules are broken down and energy is released.
true
Deamination is the process by which amino acids lose their nitrogen-containing amino group
true
Fat cells enlarge if excess carbohydrate, protein, or fat is consumed in the human diet
true
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is produced from amino acids or glycerol.
true
Two to three hours after a meal, the body breaks down its glycogen and fat stores for energy.
true
When carbohydrates are unavailable, proteins can be converted to glucose.
true