Chapter 7 - DNA structure and gene function

Thymine Uracil

DNA contains the nitrogenous base ------------- , whereas RNA does not contain this base but instead uses --------------

d

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones are composed of alternating a. nitrogenous bases. b. ribose and deoxyribose sugars. c. nucleotide and amino acids. d. sugar and phosphate groups.

mRNA amino acid

In transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a(n) ______ molecule, and in translation, the "message" in an mRNA molecule is translated into a(n) ______ sequence.

d

In what process does the cell make a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA sequence? Multiple choice question. a. determination b. delineation c. translation d. transcription

Initiation

Name the step in which RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter.

elongation

Name the step in which RNA polymerase moves down the template strand, adding nucleotides and producing a complementary RNA molecule.

termination

Name the step in which RNA polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released.

True

True or false: Unlike DNA, RNA can catalyze chemical reactions.

adenine guanine

Two strands of DNA within the double helix are said to be complementary to each other ---------- , on one strand always pairs with thymine on the opposite strand, and cytosine on one strand always pairs with ----------- , on the opposite strand.

d

What are coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated? Multiple choice question. a. caps b. introns c. histones d. exons

intron

-------------is a portion of RNA that averages about 1,000 nucleotides long and that is removed before translation.

d

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a specific protein or a. chromosome. b. glycolipid. c. polysaccharide. d. RNA molecule.

gene

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

Sugar-phosphate backbones

Alternating sugars and phosphates of nucleotides form the two backbones of the double helix.

proteins nucleic acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of ------------. Nucleotides are the building blocks of ------------.

anticodon codon

An ---------is a three-base sequence on the tRNA that binds to a(n)------------ on the mRNA

tRNA mRNA

An anticodon is a sequence found on a(n) ______ molecule, whereas a codon is a sequence found on a(n) ______ molecule.

promoter sequence

At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to

mRNA tRNA

During the elongation stage of translation, the ribosome exposes codons on the ______ one at a time; each codon determines what ______ will bring its attached amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the polypeptide chain.

c

During transcription, RNA nucleotide bases bind with the exposed complementary bases on the template strand of Multiple choice question. a. anticodons. b. ribosomes. c. DNA. d. amino acids.

a b c

Select all of the following that are actions of the enzyme RNA polymerase. Multiple select question. a. attach to the promoter on DNA b. unzip the DNA to expose the template strand build an mRNA chain c. add DNA nucleotides to an existing template strand of DNA d. seal the gap between two newly sequenced segments of DNA

a d e

Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides. a. nitrogen-containing base b. hydrocarbon tail attached to a polar head c. glycerol d. sugar e. phosphorus-containing groups

a d

Select all of the following that are genes. a. sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein b. 5' cap and poly-A tail attached to RNA c. sequence of DNA nucleotides where a regulatory protein binds d. sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific RNA molecule

b d e f

Select all of the following that are true about RNA. Multiple select question. a. contains the bases G, C, A, T b. single-stranded, but can form loops c. the amount of A equals the amount of T d. contains the bases A, U, G, and C e. can act as an enzyme f. contains the sugar ribose

a b e

Select all of the following that are true about the genetic code. a. The same genetic code is used by nearly all species. b. There are three codons that act as "stop" codons. c. Each amino acid is specified by only one codon. d. AUG is usually the last codon in a strand of mRNA. e. AUG encodes methionine and "start."

a d

Select all the statements about nucleotides that are accurate. a. They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing group, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups. b. RNA contains the sugar deoxyribose in its nucleotides. c. They are the building blocks of proteins. d. DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides.

template

The DNA strand that is "read" during transcription is called the ______ strand.

codon

The genetic code specifies what amino acid is matched to each three-nucleotide ______ in the mRNA.

template strand of DNA

The promoter is a sequence on the ______ that signals the start of a gene.

ribosomes

What structures are the sites of protein synthesis and are found free in the cytosol of the cell or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

c

Which of the following best describes transcription? Multiple choice question. a. using an RNA template to synthesize DNA b. using a DNA template to synthesize DNA c. using a DNA template to synthesize RNA d. using an RNA template to synthesize RNA

deoxyribose

Within the DNA double helix, the so-called backbone is composed of ______ sugars alternating with phosphate groups.