chapter 7 launchpad

in eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the

mitochondrial matrix

during the citric acid cycle, the production of CO2 is the result of the ______ of intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle coupled to the production of______

oxidation; NADH

in cellular respiration, glucose is ________ to CO2 and oxygen is ________ to water

oxidized, reduced

the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is

oxygen

during cellular respiration, what is reduced and what is oxidized

oxygen;glucose

tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are fully oxidized to CO2 at the completion of aerobic respiration

6

the first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. it is therefore:

endergonic

the immediate source of electrons for the electron transport chain is:

NADH and FADH2

in the cleavage phase of glycolysis

a phosphorylated sugar molecule is broken apart and the products rearranged

true or false: pyruvate oxidation produces a large amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation

false

true or false: fermentation occurs only in anaerobic conditions

false

in which organisms would you expect ethanol fermentation to occur

fungi and plants

excess glucose is stored in large branched molecules of

glycogen in animals

during which phase of glycolysis do we observe pyruvate production, ATP synthesis, and reduction of NAD+

payoff phase

acetyl-coA synthesis occurs during

pyruvate oxidation

in pyruvate oxidation, the electron donor is ________ and the electron acceptor is ___________

pyruvate; NAD+

__________ can be transported across both membranes of the mitochondrion to be further metabolized, but _________ cannot

pyruvate; glucose

In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by

substrate level phosphorylation

in eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in

the cytoplasm

in addition to destabilizing glucose for the subsequent breakdown, what else does phosphorylation of glucose do

traps glucose inside the cell

what is the fully oxidized product that results from the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide

glycolysis is:

anaerobic

of the 6 carbons in a starting molecule of glucose, at the completion of pyruvate oxidation, __________ carbons are fully oxidized to __________, while __________ carbons remain in ____________.

two, CO2, four, acetyl groups

what is a product of at least one of the processes of cellular respiration

water

a single molecule of glucose requires ______ turns through the citric acid cycle for its chemical energy to be completely harvested

2

tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are fully oxidized to the CO2 at the completion of the pyruvate oxidation stage

2

what is the net product of glycolysis

2 pyruvate

tracing the metabolism of one glucose molecule, how many carbon atoms are available for further oxidation at the completion of the pyruvate oxidation stage

4

what is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP being produced

each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle carries two of the carbon atoms from the original starting glucose molecule. These carbon atoms will ultimately leave the citric acid cycle as carbon atoms in which of the following: CO2 NADH FADH2 ATP oxaloacetate

CO2

what is the fully oxidized product that results from the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration

CO2

during the citric acid cycle, what happens to coenzyme A that is part of acetyl-CoA

It is recycled and for use in other reactions

what product of the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration will have two electrons that are lost from pyruvate

NADH

when a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-coA during pyruvate oxidation, the other products of the reaction are

NADH and CO2

during the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration, which of the following occurs the oxidation of pyruvate the formation of acetyl-CoA the formation of Co2 the formation of NADH All of the above

all of the above

the breakdown of fatty acids takes place by a process called

beta-oxidation

in cellular respiration, oxygen

gains electrons and is reduced

proteins can be broken down to extract energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration via

glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

which statement describes the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain it contains electrochemical gradient it contains a great deal of kinetic energy it results from differences in the concentration of hydroxide ions the concentration is highest in the hydrophobic center of the inner membrane the concentration is highest in the hydrophobic center of the inner membrane the concentration is highest in the hydrophobic center of the outer membrane

it is an electrochemical gradient

pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because

it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle

during pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is

less energetic than the acetyl group

the chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because

many of these bonds are C-C and C-H bonds, in which electrons are shared equally between atoms

true or false: conditions that reduce the strength of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane slow the production of ATP by ATP synthase

true

although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is because:

two molecules are used in the initial stage