Chapter 7 Nutrition

What are the "red flags that your weight can be attributeing to poor health or increase your risk of disease

-hypertension (high blood presure) -hypercholesterolemia ( high cholesterol ) - Family history of obestity and obestiy related diseases - upper body ( apple shaped ) android fat distrubution

FACT: it takes more energy to metabolize amino acids from protein sources into fat than convert glucose into glycogen or transfer absorbed fat into adipose stores

.

What process utilize energy?

1. Beating of heart 2. respiration by the lungs 3. activity required by the organs such as the liver, brain, and kidneys

A combination of these 3 things are considered a reliable treatment for overweight.

1. Improve energy balance 2. Increase physical activity 3. behavior modification

What processes are not included in utilizing energy with BMR

1. Physical activity 2. digestion 3.absobtion 4. processigng recently consumed nutrients

and RDN or primary care provider can establish :

1. a personal healthy weight based on weight and medical history 2. body fat distrubution patterns 3. physical activity 4.diestary patterns 5. family history 6. and current health status

amount of energy can be estimated based on (4)

1. age 2. Height 3. weight 4. degree of physical activity

American Council on Excercise Avg amounts of fat are about ___ to ___% for women

25-31

Dwarf trees allow those with small yards to grow stone fruits. Most trees produce their first visible crops after ____ to ___ years

3-4

Almost ____ of all North Americans are overweight or obese

3/4

A mans EER is about _____ kcal per day

3000

Multiple Choice Question The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters)2 is the _____. Multiple choice question. LBM BMI EER BIA

BMI

Currently which is the most widely used weight for height standard being used today? and why

BMI, becasue it is noninvasive clinical measuremnt related to risk of disease for most individuals

In general, weight loss decreases risk for which of the following conditions? Multiple select question. Osteoporosis Reason: High body weight is typically associated with greater bone mass. Cancer Hypertension Diabetes

Cancer Hypertension Diabetes

What technique could be used to determine the amount of calories a person expends each day? Multiple select question. Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry Estimate of food intake from the various food groups Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age

Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age

The state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, matches energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity

Energy balance

A more common method to estimate calorie needs is :

Indirect Calorimetry

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply What technique could be used to determine the amount of calories a person expends each day? Multiple select question. Estimate of food intake from the various food groups Indirect calorimetry Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age Direct calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age Direct calorimetry

The BMI is convienent to use :

Inexpensive easy to obtain values apply to both females and males

How is the thermic effect of foods similar to a sales tax? Multiple choice question. It is like an unnecessary charge needed to pay for special processes in the body It is sometimes waived like when you are tax exempt It changes depending on where you live It is like being charged 5-10% of total calories to cover the cost of processing foods

It is like being charged 5-10% of total calories to cover the cost of processing foods

Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism. Multiple select question. Loss of lean tissue Dieting Low calorie intake Exercising Reason: Exercise would actually increase metabolism.

Loss of lean tissue Dieting Low calorie intake

Which factor decreases basal metabolism? Multiple choice question. Exercise High calorie intake Eating carbohydrates Low calorie intake

Low calorie intake

Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism. Multiple select question. Low calorie intake Loss of lean tissue Exercising Reason: Exercise would actually increase metabolism. Dieting

Low calorie intake Loss of lean tissue Dieting

Which of the following would NOT be a valid way to measure or estimate the amount of energy used by the body each day? Multiple choice question. Measurement of height, weight, physical activity, and age Direct calorimetry Measurement of food intake from the various food groups Indirect calorimetry

Measurement of food intake from the various food groups

Do men or women typically develop upper body obesity also known as android obesity?

Men

Is there evidence supporting the idea that any food, including celery, is calorically negative ?Yes/No

No

The state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain

Positive energy balance

What situations are considered normal and healthy for positive energy balance

Pregnacy and lactation a surplus of calories supports the developing fetus 2. infants an children for normal growth and development during youth and puberty

A persons (_____) is slightly higher than hos or her (BMR)

RMR

Are also common anthropometric method to est total body fat content although there are some limits to its accuracy

Skinfold measurements

T/ F our brains influence hunger and appetite as well as our gut microbes are involved

T

T/F Fat stores during preganacy to support lactation may not be fully lost in women who do not breast feed

T

T/F Large meals results in higher TEF values than the same amount of food eaten over many hours

T

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

The method to est total body fat that uses a low energy electrical current. The more fat storage a person has, the more impendance (resistance) to electrical flow will be exhibited

a metabolic process in which the body burns calories to produce heat

Themogenesis

Choose the three categories of energy used by the body. Multiple select question. Thermogenesis Water Intake Physical Activity Basal Metabolism

Thermogenesis Physical Activity Basal Metabolism

Medical experts recommend taht an idividuals dianosis of obesity should NOT be based on primarily on body weight or BMI but rather:

Total fat in the body , the location of body fat, and he presense or absense of weight -related medical conditions.

Facts body mass Index Categories

Underweight: 18.5 Normal: 18.5-24.99 Overweight 25.00 Obese 30

The most reliable and successful weight loss comes from:

a Commitment to change and adopt lifestyle behaviors that improve dietary and physical activity patterns

The ability of humans to regulate body temperature within the narrow limits (thermoregulation) in response to changes in dietary patterns or environmental temperatures

adaptive thermogenesis

Shape matters when it comes to health risks. What are2 common shapes that are talked about

apple's and pears

The minimal amount of calories the bodies uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting and awake in a warm, quiet envionment. It amounts to roughly 1kal per kilogram per hous for men and .9 kal per hour for women (BMR)

basal metabolism

Which activities are part of a measurement of basal metabolism? beating of the heart respiration digestion and absorption the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain

beating of the heart respiration the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain

The gut brain axis refers to the :

bidirectional communication between the GI tract and the brain that effects appetite and metabolism

The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as Multiple choice question. bioelectrical impedance. electrical displacement method. biological impedance. electrical current resistance.

bioelectrical impedance.

BMI is merley a ratio of weight and height; it is not a true assessment of __________

body comp

Body Mass index formula

body weight (in kg)/ height ^2 (inches)

Skinfold measurements

common meathod to determine body fat % this utilization prediction equations that are population specific to est fat

Physical activity such as walking is an important component of _____ ______

energy expenditure

Obesogenic environment

energy imbalance that promotes weight gain

Positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ____ energy output.

greater than

The balance of energy is measured in ___

kilocalories

_____ tissue requires more energy to support its activity

lean

Many factor influence BMR, of these ______________ is most important

lean body mass (LBM)

If Craig desires to increase his basal metabolic rate (BMR), he can modify his Multiple choice question. lean body mass. gender. age. temperature.

lean body mass.

The fat released in the abdominal adipose cells goes directly to the ____ by way of the portal vein

liver

Why is excess body fat more common in adults and middle age individuals?

loss of lean body mass and often reduction in physical activity

Connective tissue

made up of cells that store fat; also cushion and insolates the body

Stone fruits include all of the following : ( note these fruits contribute to a sound weight management plan while providing nutrients

peaches, nectorienes , apricots, cherries, plums

When a person's energy input is greater than his energy output, that person is in ______ energy balance. Multiple choice question. positive negative

positive

weight for height when applied to population DO NOT idicate what?

the healithest body weight for each individual

shivering thermogenesis

the involuntary muscles, serve as a defense mechanism to warm your body

upper body obesity AKA android obesity, visceral obesisty and central obesisty

the type in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area. defined as waist circumference more that 40 in in men and 35 in in woemn; closely associated for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes

The energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the Multiple choice question. thermic effect of food. bomb calorimetrics. heat energy of calories.

thermic effect of food.

Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body? Multiple choice question. physical activity thermogenesis basal metabolism

thermogenesis

Locations of mesasuring skinfold measurements are:

tricepects , bicepts, abdomen, and thigh

Of the typical methods used to est body volume _________ remains quite accurate

underwater hydrostatic weighing

Which individual has a lower body fat if both individuals weigh 150 lbs. on dry land? Multiple choice question. underwater weight = 2 pounds underwater weight = 5 pounds

underwater weight = 5 pounds

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply The Body Mass Index is defined as ______. Multiple select question. weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters weight in kilograms multiplied by 703 and divided by the square of the height in inches weight in pounds divided by the square of the height in meters weight in pounds multiplied by 703 and divided by the square of the height in inches

weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters weight in pounds multiplied by 703 and divided by the square of the height in inches

Best time to plant fruit trees is in the ___

winter when they are dormat

BMR typically _____ kcal for women per hour

.9

The TEF value of a (fat rich) meal is ____% to ____% of calories consumed

0-3

NEAT is often categorized into 3 main components

1 body posture 2. ambulation 3. all other spontaneous movements, including figeting

BMR typically _____ kcal for men per hour

1 kal

The body uses energy for three general purposes:

1) basal metabolism 2) physical activity 3) digestion,absobtion, amd processing of ingested nutrients

Rank the categories of energy use from highest to lowest. Physical Activity BMR Thermogenesis

1. BMR 2. Physical Activity 3. Thermogenesis

Which Lean protein meals have the highest TEF at almost 30%

1. chicken breast 2. Egg whites 3. whitefish

Wight gain often stems from 3 things

1. excess energy intake 2.reduced physical activity 3. slower metabolism

When we lose weight we lose 2 things :

1. some lean tissue 2. adipose tissue

What encourages upper body obesity?

1. testosterone 2. excessive alcohol intake 3. smoking

What 2 reasons have the calorie est been adjusted?

1. the bodies ability's to digest food 2. Substances in food such as fibrous plant parts, that burn in bomb calorimeter but are not absorbed by our bodies, so they do not contribute calories to our body

reasons for obesity attribute increasing :

1. trends to tht growth of global food system 2. advancemnts in energy dense food processing 3. Persuasive marketing 4. widespread avalibility of more afforadable and accesssible energy dense food

Beginning in early middle childhood the majority of US adults gain apx ____ to _____ pounds per year

1.1, 2.2

A low BMR is due to factors such as :

1.Geneitics 2.thyroid problems 3.energy restriction is linked to weight gain

Which factors affect our daily energy needs?(9)

1.age 2. sex 3.physical activity patterns 4. body composition 5. hormone status 6. sympathetic nervous activity 7. body ambient temperature 8. comorbidities 9. medication

what factors of obesogenic environment?

1.individual characteristics and behvaiors 2.enviroment 3. culture 4. Social status 5. econimic status

Very low calorie intake decreases BMR by ____ % to ____% about (150 to 300 kcal per dal ) as the body shifts from conservation to starvation mode

10- 20

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism? Multiple choice question. 15%-30% 35%-50% 50%-75% 10%-15%

15%-30%

For persons who regularly engage in physcail activity , EAT may account fro ___% to _____% of TEE

15- 30

American Council on Excercise Avg amounts of fat are about ___ to ___% for men

18-24

A healthy weight for height is defined by BMI betweeen ____ and ____

18.5- 24.9

TEF value of alcohol ___%

20

Food composition also influences TEF. The TEF value of a (protein-rich) meal is ____% to ____% of calories consumed

20-30

A womans EER is about

2300 kcal /day

Men with over ___ % of body fat are considered obese

25

Obesity related health risks increase when BMI is ___ or more

25

The combination of a large waist circumference and a BMI of ___ or more significantly increases health risks

25

Women with over ___ % of body fat are considered obese

32

It is est by 2030 ____ % increase in obesity and 130% increase in severe obese

33

A waist circumference more than ___ in men and ___ in women indicates upper body obesity

40, 35

Infants use brown fat tissue as much as ___% of body weight and regulates heat to protect their internal organs

5

The TEF value of a (carbohydrate rich) meal is ____% to ____% of calories consumed

5 -10

If obesity rates stop climbing and remain at current levels, the savings in medical expenditures over the next 2 decades could be over _____billion

549

_____ of adults are affected by obesity-related health consequences

60

For a sedentary person, BMR accounts for _____% to _____% of total energy use by the body

60-80

T/F Person with higher LBM have higher BMR becasue lean tissue is more metabolically active than adipose tissue (fat mass)

T

T/F There are some situations om which positive energy balance is normal and healthy

T

T/F any weight for height standard remains a crude measure and does not consider body comp or fatness

T

The body uses energy to digest food and absorb and metabolize the nutrients recently consumed. Called

Thermic Effect of Food ( TEF) or diet induced thermogenesis

Which of the following factors are used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements for adults with the Food and Nutrition Board's formula? Multiple select question. Weight Percent body fat Height Age

Weight Height Age

Air displacemnt

a Method for est body comp that makes use of volumes of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber ( bod pod ) this tool is also known as air displacement

Duel energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA)

a scientific tool used to measure bone mineral density and body comp

Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism. Multiple select question. absorption of nutrients physical activity digestion of nutrients resting heart rate

absorption of nutrients physical activity digestion of nutrients

The number in food calories in a food determined with an instrument called a :

bomb calormeter

To measure body fat content accurately

both the body weight and body volume of person are used to calculate body density

A specialized form of adipose tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy - yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body. The unused energy is released as heat

brown adipose tissue

where does non shivering thermogenesis occur

brown adipose tissue

Energy input

calories in from dietary intake

Energy output

calories out from metabolism, digestion, absorption and transport of nutrients; physical activity

The Bomb calorimeter measures the amount of calories from :_______, ________,_______,and ______

carbohydrate fat protein alcohol

Multiple Select Question (Select all that apply) The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients. Multiple select question. digestion processing temperature absorption

digestion processing absorption

Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism. Multiple select question. digestion of nutrients absorption of nutrients physical activity resting heart rate

digestion of nutrients absorption of nutrients physical activity

By measuring the water temp in the _____ _____ before and after the body releases heat, the energy expended can be calculated

direct calorimeter

A method of determining a body's energy use by measuring heat released from the body. An insulated metabolic chamber is typically used

direct calorimetry

A method that measures the amount of heat released by a person, usually in an insulated metabolic chamber surrounded by water is called ______. Multiple choice question. oxygen uptake carbon dioxide accumulation assessment direct calorimetry indirect calorimetry

direct calorimetry

amount of energy can be measured by (2)

direct or indirect calorimetry

The over abundance of _______ dense foods and beverages often leads to overconsumption of calories and excess stores of body fat

energy

A healthy weight can result from understanding the important concept of ___

energy balance

BMI of 25- 29.9 is a marker of overweight ( compared to a standard population) and not nec. a marker of_____

exessive body fatness

Why is direct calorimetry rarely used?

expense and complexity

The Xray allows clinician to seperate body weight into components:

fat, fat free soft tissue and bone mineral

The location of fat storage is strongle influenced by ____

genetics

weight for height when applied to population provide adequeate esimates od weight associated with _____ and ____

health and logevity

Brown fat contributes to thermogenesis by releasing some energy from energy-yielding nutrients into the environment as _____ instead of producing ATP

heat

Multiple Choice Question During physical activity, a lot of energy is lost as ______. Multiple choice question. respiration heat calories evaporation

heat

a Kilocalorie is related to the amount of ____ required to raise temperature of ______

heat, water

body temp is regulated by

hypothalamus

Increases in lean body mass will ______ basal metabolic rate. Multiple choice question. not affect decrease increase

increase

A method to measure energy use by the body measuring oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output. Formulas then are used to convert gas exchange value into energy use, estimating the proportion of energy nutrients that are being oxidized for energy in the fuel mix

indirect calorimetry

abdominal, visceral, central obesity is related to ____ resistance and a ______ liver leading to chronic diseases

insulin, fatty

When the liver fills with fat

it interferes with the livers ability to use insulin and negatively affects lipoprotein metabolism by the liver. the upper body adipose cells are not just stroage depots they are metabolically active cells that release many hormones and other cellular signals involved in long term regulation. When they fill with excess fat, the cells become dysfunctional, resulting in inflamation, insulin resistance, and other adverse health conditions leading to chronic disease

Multiple Choice Question The bomb calorimeter works by ______. Multiple choice question. mixing different types of food and drying portions of it mixing different types of food and igniting it measuring the heat given off by a food as it is burned measuring the evaporation of the food

measuring the heat given off by a food as it is burned

Chemical process in body by which energy is provided in useful forms and vital activities are sustained

metabolism

genetic predisposition can affect

metabolism 2.energy expenditure 3. deposition of adipose tissue 4. satiety 5. relative proprtion of fuels used by the body

A (positive/negative) energy balance is necessary for weight loss

negative

The state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss.

negative energy balance

Dietary Guidelines recommends focusing on meeting your food group needs with ________ dense foods and beverages, while staying within calorie limits

nutrient- dense

genetic (nature) and enviromental (nurture) facors increase the risk for ___

obesity

Understanding the key mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can influence appetite and metabolism can provide clues to implement effective treatments for :____, _____, and _____ ______

obesity, eating disorders, and other metabolic conditions

Healthy body weight is based upon both ____ and ______ factors

peronal and individual

EAT excercise -induced thermogenesis refers to only the energy burned during intentional ______ ________

physical activity

adaptive thermogenesis

represents the increase in nonvoluntary physcial activity triggered by reflex responses

Which activities are part of a measurement of basal metabolism? Multiple select question. digestion and absorption respiration beating of the heart the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain

respiration beating of the heart the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply Which of the following contribute to basal metabolism? Multiple select question. respiration heart function the activity of the liver, brain, and kidney physical activity

respiration heart function the activity of the liver, brain, and kidney

Multiple Choice Question When assessing a person's metabolic rate, the ______ metabolic rate is calculated if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test. Multiple choice question. resting basal

resting

When assessing a person's metabolic rate, the ______ metabolic rate is calculated if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.

resting

If the person is not fasting or completely rested the term is called:

resting metabolism (RMR)

The thermic effect of food is the calories ______. Multiple choice question. used during exercise used during non-voluntary physical activity used to digest the food you eat from the food we consume each day

used to digest the food you eat

alternate method for calculating BMI

weight in (pounds ) * 703/ height ^2 (inches)

Can exposure to colder temp boost your metabolism

yes

Can genetics and hormones affect actual energy needs?

yes