Chapter 7 Nutrition
What are the "red flags that your weight can be attributeing to poor health or increase your risk of disease
-hypertension (high blood presure) -hypercholesterolemia ( high cholesterol ) - Family history of obestity and obestiy related diseases - upper body ( apple shaped ) android fat distrubution
FACT: it takes more energy to metabolize amino acids from protein sources into fat than convert glucose into glycogen or transfer absorbed fat into adipose stores
.
What process utilize energy?
1. Beating of heart 2. respiration by the lungs 3. activity required by the organs such as the liver, brain, and kidneys
A combination of these 3 things are considered a reliable treatment for overweight.
1. Improve energy balance 2. Increase physical activity 3. behavior modification
What processes are not included in utilizing energy with BMR
1. Physical activity 2. digestion 3.absobtion 4. processigng recently consumed nutrients
and RDN or primary care provider can establish :
1. a personal healthy weight based on weight and medical history 2. body fat distrubution patterns 3. physical activity 4.diestary patterns 5. family history 6. and current health status
amount of energy can be estimated based on (4)
1. age 2. Height 3. weight 4. degree of physical activity
American Council on Excercise Avg amounts of fat are about ___ to ___% for women
25-31
Dwarf trees allow those with small yards to grow stone fruits. Most trees produce their first visible crops after ____ to ___ years
3-4
Almost ____ of all North Americans are overweight or obese
3/4
A mans EER is about _____ kcal per day
3000
Multiple Choice Question The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters)2 is the _____. Multiple choice question. LBM BMI EER BIA
BMI
Currently which is the most widely used weight for height standard being used today? and why
BMI, becasue it is noninvasive clinical measuremnt related to risk of disease for most individuals
In general, weight loss decreases risk for which of the following conditions? Multiple select question. Osteoporosis Reason: High body weight is typically associated with greater bone mass. Cancer Hypertension Diabetes
Cancer Hypertension Diabetes
What technique could be used to determine the amount of calories a person expends each day? Multiple select question. Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry Estimate of food intake from the various food groups Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age
Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age
The state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, matches energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity
Energy balance
A more common method to estimate calorie needs is :
Indirect Calorimetry
Multiple Select Question Select all that apply What technique could be used to determine the amount of calories a person expends each day? Multiple select question. Estimate of food intake from the various food groups Indirect calorimetry Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age Direct calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age Direct calorimetry
The BMI is convienent to use :
Inexpensive easy to obtain values apply to both females and males
How is the thermic effect of foods similar to a sales tax? Multiple choice question. It is like an unnecessary charge needed to pay for special processes in the body It is sometimes waived like when you are tax exempt It changes depending on where you live It is like being charged 5-10% of total calories to cover the cost of processing foods
It is like being charged 5-10% of total calories to cover the cost of processing foods
Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism. Multiple select question. Loss of lean tissue Dieting Low calorie intake Exercising Reason: Exercise would actually increase metabolism.
Loss of lean tissue Dieting Low calorie intake
Which factor decreases basal metabolism? Multiple choice question. Exercise High calorie intake Eating carbohydrates Low calorie intake
Low calorie intake
Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism. Multiple select question. Low calorie intake Loss of lean tissue Exercising Reason: Exercise would actually increase metabolism. Dieting
Low calorie intake Loss of lean tissue Dieting
Which of the following would NOT be a valid way to measure or estimate the amount of energy used by the body each day? Multiple choice question. Measurement of height, weight, physical activity, and age Direct calorimetry Measurement of food intake from the various food groups Indirect calorimetry
Measurement of food intake from the various food groups
Do men or women typically develop upper body obesity also known as android obesity?
Men
Is there evidence supporting the idea that any food, including celery, is calorically negative ?Yes/No
No
The state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain
Positive energy balance
What situations are considered normal and healthy for positive energy balance
Pregnacy and lactation a surplus of calories supports the developing fetus 2. infants an children for normal growth and development during youth and puberty
A persons (_____) is slightly higher than hos or her (BMR)
RMR
Are also common anthropometric method to est total body fat content although there are some limits to its accuracy
Skinfold measurements
T/ F our brains influence hunger and appetite as well as our gut microbes are involved
T
T/F Fat stores during preganacy to support lactation may not be fully lost in women who do not breast feed
T
T/F Large meals results in higher TEF values than the same amount of food eaten over many hours
T
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
The method to est total body fat that uses a low energy electrical current. The more fat storage a person has, the more impendance (resistance) to electrical flow will be exhibited
a metabolic process in which the body burns calories to produce heat
Themogenesis
Choose the three categories of energy used by the body. Multiple select question. Thermogenesis Water Intake Physical Activity Basal Metabolism
Thermogenesis Physical Activity Basal Metabolism
Medical experts recommend taht an idividuals dianosis of obesity should NOT be based on primarily on body weight or BMI but rather:
Total fat in the body , the location of body fat, and he presense or absense of weight -related medical conditions.
Facts body mass Index Categories
Underweight: 18.5 Normal: 18.5-24.99 Overweight 25.00 Obese 30
The most reliable and successful weight loss comes from:
a Commitment to change and adopt lifestyle behaviors that improve dietary and physical activity patterns
The ability of humans to regulate body temperature within the narrow limits (thermoregulation) in response to changes in dietary patterns or environmental temperatures
adaptive thermogenesis
Shape matters when it comes to health risks. What are2 common shapes that are talked about
apple's and pears
The minimal amount of calories the bodies uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting and awake in a warm, quiet envionment. It amounts to roughly 1kal per kilogram per hous for men and .9 kal per hour for women (BMR)
basal metabolism
Which activities are part of a measurement of basal metabolism? beating of the heart respiration digestion and absorption the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain
beating of the heart respiration the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain
The gut brain axis refers to the :
bidirectional communication between the GI tract and the brain that effects appetite and metabolism
The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as Multiple choice question. bioelectrical impedance. electrical displacement method. biological impedance. electrical current resistance.
bioelectrical impedance.
BMI is merley a ratio of weight and height; it is not a true assessment of __________
body comp
Body Mass index formula
body weight (in kg)/ height ^2 (inches)
Skinfold measurements
common meathod to determine body fat % this utilization prediction equations that are population specific to est fat
Physical activity such as walking is an important component of _____ ______
energy expenditure
Obesogenic environment
energy imbalance that promotes weight gain
Positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ____ energy output.
greater than
The balance of energy is measured in ___
kilocalories
_____ tissue requires more energy to support its activity
lean
Many factor influence BMR, of these ______________ is most important
lean body mass (LBM)
If Craig desires to increase his basal metabolic rate (BMR), he can modify his Multiple choice question. lean body mass. gender. age. temperature.
lean body mass.
The fat released in the abdominal adipose cells goes directly to the ____ by way of the portal vein
liver
Why is excess body fat more common in adults and middle age individuals?
loss of lean body mass and often reduction in physical activity
Connective tissue
made up of cells that store fat; also cushion and insolates the body
Stone fruits include all of the following : ( note these fruits contribute to a sound weight management plan while providing nutrients
peaches, nectorienes , apricots, cherries, plums
When a person's energy input is greater than his energy output, that person is in ______ energy balance. Multiple choice question. positive negative
positive
weight for height when applied to population DO NOT idicate what?
the healithest body weight for each individual
shivering thermogenesis
the involuntary muscles, serve as a defense mechanism to warm your body
upper body obesity AKA android obesity, visceral obesisty and central obesisty
the type in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area. defined as waist circumference more that 40 in in men and 35 in in woemn; closely associated for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes
The energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the Multiple choice question. thermic effect of food. bomb calorimetrics. heat energy of calories.
thermic effect of food.
Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body? Multiple choice question. physical activity thermogenesis basal metabolism
thermogenesis
Locations of mesasuring skinfold measurements are:
tricepects , bicepts, abdomen, and thigh
Of the typical methods used to est body volume _________ remains quite accurate
underwater hydrostatic weighing
Which individual has a lower body fat if both individuals weigh 150 lbs. on dry land? Multiple choice question. underwater weight = 2 pounds underwater weight = 5 pounds
underwater weight = 5 pounds
Multiple Select Question Select all that apply The Body Mass Index is defined as ______. Multiple select question. weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters weight in kilograms multiplied by 703 and divided by the square of the height in inches weight in pounds divided by the square of the height in meters weight in pounds multiplied by 703 and divided by the square of the height in inches
weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters weight in pounds multiplied by 703 and divided by the square of the height in inches
Best time to plant fruit trees is in the ___
winter when they are dormat
BMR typically _____ kcal for women per hour
.9
The TEF value of a (fat rich) meal is ____% to ____% of calories consumed
0-3
NEAT is often categorized into 3 main components
1 body posture 2. ambulation 3. all other spontaneous movements, including figeting
BMR typically _____ kcal for men per hour
1 kal
The body uses energy for three general purposes:
1) basal metabolism 2) physical activity 3) digestion,absobtion, amd processing of ingested nutrients
Rank the categories of energy use from highest to lowest. Physical Activity BMR Thermogenesis
1. BMR 2. Physical Activity 3. Thermogenesis
Which Lean protein meals have the highest TEF at almost 30%
1. chicken breast 2. Egg whites 3. whitefish
Wight gain often stems from 3 things
1. excess energy intake 2.reduced physical activity 3. slower metabolism
When we lose weight we lose 2 things :
1. some lean tissue 2. adipose tissue
What encourages upper body obesity?
1. testosterone 2. excessive alcohol intake 3. smoking
What 2 reasons have the calorie est been adjusted?
1. the bodies ability's to digest food 2. Substances in food such as fibrous plant parts, that burn in bomb calorimeter but are not absorbed by our bodies, so they do not contribute calories to our body
reasons for obesity attribute increasing :
1. trends to tht growth of global food system 2. advancemnts in energy dense food processing 3. Persuasive marketing 4. widespread avalibility of more afforadable and accesssible energy dense food
Beginning in early middle childhood the majority of US adults gain apx ____ to _____ pounds per year
1.1, 2.2
A low BMR is due to factors such as :
1.Geneitics 2.thyroid problems 3.energy restriction is linked to weight gain
Which factors affect our daily energy needs?(9)
1.age 2. sex 3.physical activity patterns 4. body composition 5. hormone status 6. sympathetic nervous activity 7. body ambient temperature 8. comorbidities 9. medication
what factors of obesogenic environment?
1.individual characteristics and behvaiors 2.enviroment 3. culture 4. Social status 5. econimic status
Very low calorie intake decreases BMR by ____ % to ____% about (150 to 300 kcal per dal ) as the body shifts from conservation to starvation mode
10- 20
How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism? Multiple choice question. 15%-30% 35%-50% 50%-75% 10%-15%
15%-30%
For persons who regularly engage in physcail activity , EAT may account fro ___% to _____% of TEE
15- 30
American Council on Excercise Avg amounts of fat are about ___ to ___% for men
18-24
A healthy weight for height is defined by BMI betweeen ____ and ____
18.5- 24.9
TEF value of alcohol ___%
20
Food composition also influences TEF. The TEF value of a (protein-rich) meal is ____% to ____% of calories consumed
20-30
A womans EER is about
2300 kcal /day
Men with over ___ % of body fat are considered obese
25
Obesity related health risks increase when BMI is ___ or more
25
The combination of a large waist circumference and a BMI of ___ or more significantly increases health risks
25
Women with over ___ % of body fat are considered obese
32
It is est by 2030 ____ % increase in obesity and 130% increase in severe obese
33
A waist circumference more than ___ in men and ___ in women indicates upper body obesity
40, 35
Infants use brown fat tissue as much as ___% of body weight and regulates heat to protect their internal organs
5
The TEF value of a (carbohydrate rich) meal is ____% to ____% of calories consumed
5 -10
If obesity rates stop climbing and remain at current levels, the savings in medical expenditures over the next 2 decades could be over _____billion
549
_____ of adults are affected by obesity-related health consequences
60
For a sedentary person, BMR accounts for _____% to _____% of total energy use by the body
60-80
T/F Person with higher LBM have higher BMR becasue lean tissue is more metabolically active than adipose tissue (fat mass)
T
T/F There are some situations om which positive energy balance is normal and healthy
T
T/F any weight for height standard remains a crude measure and does not consider body comp or fatness
T
The body uses energy to digest food and absorb and metabolize the nutrients recently consumed. Called
Thermic Effect of Food ( TEF) or diet induced thermogenesis
Which of the following factors are used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements for adults with the Food and Nutrition Board's formula? Multiple select question. Weight Percent body fat Height Age
Weight Height Age
Air displacemnt
a Method for est body comp that makes use of volumes of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber ( bod pod ) this tool is also known as air displacement
Duel energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA)
a scientific tool used to measure bone mineral density and body comp
Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism. Multiple select question. absorption of nutrients physical activity digestion of nutrients resting heart rate
absorption of nutrients physical activity digestion of nutrients
The number in food calories in a food determined with an instrument called a :
bomb calormeter
To measure body fat content accurately
both the body weight and body volume of person are used to calculate body density
A specialized form of adipose tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy - yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body. The unused energy is released as heat
brown adipose tissue
where does non shivering thermogenesis occur
brown adipose tissue
Energy input
calories in from dietary intake
Energy output
calories out from metabolism, digestion, absorption and transport of nutrients; physical activity
The Bomb calorimeter measures the amount of calories from :_______, ________,_______,and ______
carbohydrate fat protein alcohol
Multiple Select Question (Select all that apply) The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients. Multiple select question. digestion processing temperature absorption
digestion processing absorption
Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism. Multiple select question. digestion of nutrients absorption of nutrients physical activity resting heart rate
digestion of nutrients absorption of nutrients physical activity
By measuring the water temp in the _____ _____ before and after the body releases heat, the energy expended can be calculated
direct calorimeter
A method of determining a body's energy use by measuring heat released from the body. An insulated metabolic chamber is typically used
direct calorimetry
A method that measures the amount of heat released by a person, usually in an insulated metabolic chamber surrounded by water is called ______. Multiple choice question. oxygen uptake carbon dioxide accumulation assessment direct calorimetry indirect calorimetry
direct calorimetry
amount of energy can be measured by (2)
direct or indirect calorimetry
The over abundance of _______ dense foods and beverages often leads to overconsumption of calories and excess stores of body fat
energy
A healthy weight can result from understanding the important concept of ___
energy balance
BMI of 25- 29.9 is a marker of overweight ( compared to a standard population) and not nec. a marker of_____
exessive body fatness
Why is direct calorimetry rarely used?
expense and complexity
The Xray allows clinician to seperate body weight into components:
fat, fat free soft tissue and bone mineral
The location of fat storage is strongle influenced by ____
genetics
weight for height when applied to population provide adequeate esimates od weight associated with _____ and ____
health and logevity
Brown fat contributes to thermogenesis by releasing some energy from energy-yielding nutrients into the environment as _____ instead of producing ATP
heat
Multiple Choice Question During physical activity, a lot of energy is lost as ______. Multiple choice question. respiration heat calories evaporation
heat
a Kilocalorie is related to the amount of ____ required to raise temperature of ______
heat, water
body temp is regulated by
hypothalamus
Increases in lean body mass will ______ basal metabolic rate. Multiple choice question. not affect decrease increase
increase
A method to measure energy use by the body measuring oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output. Formulas then are used to convert gas exchange value into energy use, estimating the proportion of energy nutrients that are being oxidized for energy in the fuel mix
indirect calorimetry
abdominal, visceral, central obesity is related to ____ resistance and a ______ liver leading to chronic diseases
insulin, fatty
When the liver fills with fat
it interferes with the livers ability to use insulin and negatively affects lipoprotein metabolism by the liver. the upper body adipose cells are not just stroage depots they are metabolically active cells that release many hormones and other cellular signals involved in long term regulation. When they fill with excess fat, the cells become dysfunctional, resulting in inflamation, insulin resistance, and other adverse health conditions leading to chronic disease
Multiple Choice Question The bomb calorimeter works by ______. Multiple choice question. mixing different types of food and drying portions of it mixing different types of food and igniting it measuring the heat given off by a food as it is burned measuring the evaporation of the food
measuring the heat given off by a food as it is burned
Chemical process in body by which energy is provided in useful forms and vital activities are sustained
metabolism
genetic predisposition can affect
metabolism 2.energy expenditure 3. deposition of adipose tissue 4. satiety 5. relative proprtion of fuels used by the body
A (positive/negative) energy balance is necessary for weight loss
negative
The state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss.
negative energy balance
Dietary Guidelines recommends focusing on meeting your food group needs with ________ dense foods and beverages, while staying within calorie limits
nutrient- dense
genetic (nature) and enviromental (nurture) facors increase the risk for ___
obesity
Understanding the key mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can influence appetite and metabolism can provide clues to implement effective treatments for :____, _____, and _____ ______
obesity, eating disorders, and other metabolic conditions
Healthy body weight is based upon both ____ and ______ factors
peronal and individual
EAT excercise -induced thermogenesis refers to only the energy burned during intentional ______ ________
physical activity
adaptive thermogenesis
represents the increase in nonvoluntary physcial activity triggered by reflex responses
Which activities are part of a measurement of basal metabolism? Multiple select question. digestion and absorption respiration beating of the heart the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain
respiration beating of the heart the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain
Multiple Select Question Select all that apply Which of the following contribute to basal metabolism? Multiple select question. respiration heart function the activity of the liver, brain, and kidney physical activity
respiration heart function the activity of the liver, brain, and kidney
Multiple Choice Question When assessing a person's metabolic rate, the ______ metabolic rate is calculated if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test. Multiple choice question. resting basal
resting
When assessing a person's metabolic rate, the ______ metabolic rate is calculated if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.
resting
If the person is not fasting or completely rested the term is called:
resting metabolism (RMR)
The thermic effect of food is the calories ______. Multiple choice question. used during exercise used during non-voluntary physical activity used to digest the food you eat from the food we consume each day
used to digest the food you eat
alternate method for calculating BMI
weight in (pounds ) * 703/ height ^2 (inches)
Can exposure to colder temp boost your metabolism
yes
Can genetics and hormones affect actual energy needs?
yes
