Chapter 7 - Proteins

A 35 year old man who is at a healthy body weight of 80 kg has a protein RDA of _____ grams/day.

64

Celiac disease

A common inherited condition that results in poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine

Making dietary choices based on nutritional genomics, height, weight, and health assessment is the concept of?

Personalized nutrition

Peptide bond

chemical link that connects two amino acids together

Lactoovovegetarian

eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods

Having a headache and intestinal discomfort from eating a food, without triggering the body's immune response is a sign of a?

food intolerance

In most cases, an allergen is a?

protein

Polypeptides

proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids

To treat children with PEM, children need hospitalization, frequent health assessments, and carefully controlled?

refeeding

Peptides

small chains of amino acids

There are a total of ____ non essential amino acids and _____ essential amino acids that the body need in order to function.

11 & 9

Legume

Part of the plant family with pods that contain a single row of seed

Match the food with amount of protein.

3 oz. ground beef - 23 grams 3 oz. broccoli - 1 gram 3 oz vegetarian baked beans - 4 grams

The RDA for protein in a healthy adult is _______ grams/kg of body weight.

0.8

When does a positive nitrogen balance occur?

When a person consumes more protein than he or she loses

Which of the following elements are combined to make a protein?

- oxygen - nitrogen - hydrogen - carbon

Proteins are chains made from?

20 different amino acids

After being digested, most amino acids are transported into?

Absorptive cells

A 28 year old woman who is at a healthy body weight of 60 kg has a protein RDA of ____ grams/day.

48

Keratin

Hair, nails, and skin

Which of the following are advantages of a vegetarian diet?

- High in phytochemicals - low saturated fat and cholesterol - high fiber

A food intolerance may occur after the consumption of nonprotein substances such as?

- MSG - sulfites - lactose

What may result in elevated BUN levels?

- Urinary tract obstruction - Heart disease - bleeding in the GI tract - Kidney disease

Anaphylactic shock results from?

- a serious drop in blood pressure - an allergic reaction

Rank the correct order for the steps of urea production and removal.

1. Deamination results in the production of ammonia 2. Liver converts ammonia to urea 3. Urea is released into the blood 4. Kidneys pick up urea and eliminate it in the urine

Order the foods in most to least protein

1. Tuna 2. Miso 3. Milk 4. Green Peas

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of energy from protein?

10-35%

Collagen

Cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

To make proteins?

Cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided by DNA

Ovovegetarian

Eats eggs but no other animal foods

Lactovegetarian

Eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine?

Essential amino acids

Food intolerances trigger the body's immune response

False, food allergies trigger it

PER

Measures the weight gain of growing laboratory animals in relation to a specific type of protein

Gluten sensitivity and celiac disease have which of the following in common?

Requires a gluten free diet

During translation?

The mRNA code is read by the ribosomes which indicates which amino acids to use to make a protein

Transamination

The process of transferring a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid

Proteins help regulation the acid-base in the blood.

True

Protein-energy malnutrition is an example of?

Undernutrition

Edema

a buildup of fluid in tissues

Proteins are made up of smaller units called

amino acids

In general, a vegetarian diet has?

low energy density

Protein synthesis begins when a gene's coded information about the order of amino acids on a specific protein is copied (transcription) forming?

messenger RNA

Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of food allergies?

- scaly skin rash - difficulty swallowing - swollen or itchy lips

Plant proteins are a healthy alternative to animal proteins with people who eat this type of diet having lower rates of?

- type 2 diabetes - obesity - hypertension

What are some examples of things vegans can eat?

- vegetable oil - watermelon - tofu

To make dishes with complementary combination, a consumer must know?

- which plant foods are good sources of protein - which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your?

- deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA

What cells do not contain protein?

None, all cells contain some protein

What are two key factors in determining the quality of a protein?

- amino acid composition - digestibility

High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they may increase the risk for?

- cancer - diabetes

What are some examples of high-quality protein?

- eggs - fish - poultry - meat

What are potential causes of denaturation?

- heat - stomach acid

Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach.

1. Denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin 2. The pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes 3. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver 5. Rectum: Very little dietary protein is excreted in feces

Humans digest animal proteins better than plant proteins. For this reason vegetarians may need to increase their protein intake by about _____ to meet their protein requirements.

10%

Poor sources of protein are?

Fruits

High-protein diets?

Lead to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration

What accounts for the majority of the nitrogen losses that occur each day?

Urinary elimination of urea

Vegetarian diets provide more?

- phytochemicals - fiber - Vitamins E & C - folic acid

A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams or protein?

100 grams

Biological Value

Based on how well and how quickly the body converts food protein into body tissue proteins

The blood test BUN can be used to asses the function of the?

Kidney

What is true about transamination?

- reactions are reversible - involves the process of transferring a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid

Albumin

blood protein

Process of protein digestion

1. digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. Further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including typsin 3. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver

Vegetarian

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered one

PDCAA

Considers how well the body converts food protein into body and tissue and also the amino acid composition

The reason that one person might take a Vitamin D supplement resulting in kidney stones and another person might take the same amount of the supplements and not develop kidney stones may be related to?

Nutritional genomics

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of?

Protein

Amino acids are the end product of?

Protein digestion

Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because ___________________ breaks down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids then recycles them to make new proteins.

Protein turnover