Chapter 7 Psych

Aronson (1978) developed the ________ classroom where students work together learn rather than complete against each other for academic success. A. Jigsaw b. superordinate c. teractive d. social contact

A. Jigsaw

An example of the confirmation bias is the type of information remembered about ingroup and outgroup members like we are more likely to remember positive acts done by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember negative acts performed by those in the outgroup. T/F

True

Individuals who identify with multiple and diverse groups exhibit ______, whereas people with social identities connected to fewer and more similar groups exhibit. a. less ethnocentrism; more ethnocentrism. b.more individualism; more collectivism. c. more outgroup bias; less outgroup bias. d.less outgroup bias; more outgroup bias.

a. less ethnocentrism; more ethnocentrism.

When asked about stereotypes related to groups to which we belong, we tend to remember ___________ stereotypes. a. positive. b. negative c. neutral d. rare

a. positive

Relative deprivation leads to prejudice because the target of the frustration associated with the perceived inequality becomes a(n) a. scapegoat. b. ingroup. c. catalyst. d. stereotype.

a. scapegoat

One way discrimination can be unrelated to prejudice is if: a. we hire individuals based on laws prohibiting discriminatory behavior even if we are prejudiced. B. we knowingly hire from just one type of people. c. we offer preferential treatment to individuals protected by discrimination laws. d. we fail to hire based on credentials and hire employees based on race.

a. we hire individuals based on laws prohibiting discriminatory behavior even if we are prejudiced.

____________ is the idea that we develop a bias favoring our own group over other groups in order to maintain positive self-esteem. a. Esteem enhancement. b. Social identity theory c. Group membership inflation d. Solidarity

b. Social identity theory

Ingroup and outgroup bias is beneficial from an evolutionary perspective because they promote: a. conflict among groups. b. bonds among people in the same group. c. diversity within groups. d. prejudice and discrimination.

b. bonds among people in the same group.

The main difference between a stereotype and prejudice is that a stereotype is a(n) ________ and prejudice is a(n) a. attitude; cognitive process. b. cognitive process; attitude. c. negative; positive. d. positive; neutral.

b. cognitive process; attitude.

Stereotypes persist because we tend to pay more attention to information consistent with our views rather than contrary to our views. This is also known as a: a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. confirmation bias. c. schematic direction. d.behavioristic expectation.

b. confirmation bias

Outgroup bias involves: a. kicking individuals out of current groups. b. downgrading others who are different or not a part of your group. c. remembering more information about members of other groups than members of your own group. d.caring more about members of other groups as compared to members of your own.

b. downgrading others who are different or not a part of your group.

In the case of the1966 Robbers' Cave study, how long did it take to increase competition for resources and subsequent prejudice between the groups? a.1 day b. few days c. 2 week d. a month

b. few days

___________ ethnocentrism involves recognizing our tendency toward ethnocentrism and trying to understand and/or empathize with the norms of different cultures. a. Temporary. b. Flexible c. Specific d. Inflexible

b. flexible

____ethnocentrism was at work when Avery surprised her husband by cooking traditional recipes from his Indian heritage. a.Temporary b. Flexible c. Specific d.Inflexible

b. flexible

Favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different is also known as: a. group preference. b. ingroup bias. c. outgroup stereotype. d,group bond.

b. ingroup bias

Although many women acknowledge that gender bias and a wage differential in the United States exist, those same women report they have experienced personal discrimination at a _____________ rate to the national average (Crosby, Pufall, Snyder, O'Connell, & Whalen, 1989). a. similar b. lesser c. greater d. increasing

b. lesser

Because we have a tendency to quickly categorize and classify things, stereotypes serve as a.schemas. b. mental shortcuts. b. specific impressions. d. time intensive evaluations.

b. mental shortcuts

___________ is the prejudgment or superficial judgment about a particular group of people. a. Discrimination b. Prejudice c. Realistic conflict theory d. Social learning

b. prejudice

A generalization about a group of people that assumes the members of the group share common characteristics is a(n): a. prototype. b. stereotype. c. assessment. d. value.

b. stereotype

In Sherif's Robbers' Cave study, after intergroup hostility was firmly established the researchers introduced goals that could only be accomplished when both groups worked together. Ex. included renting a film and pulling a truck out of the ditch. These tasks are also known as ___ goals. a. pentultimate b. superordinate c. overwhelming d. social contact

b. superordinate

One way to overcome prejudice is the use of a(n)____ goal or a goal shared by conflicting groups that can only be attained if the groups work together. a. Pentultimateg b. superordinate c. overwhelming d.social contact

b. superordinate

The key to avoiding inflexible ethnocentrism lies in our____ our own ethnocentrism. a.acceptance of b. resistance to c. awareness of d. willingness to ignore

c. awareness of

. ____________ is the unfair treatment of a person or group solely on the basis of their group membership. a. Stereotyping b. Prejudice c. Discrimination d. Alienation

c. discrimination

In Tajfel's (1971) research on nominal groups, being labeled as "underestimators" and "overestimators" was enough to establish: a. intragroup conflict. b.individualism. c. ingroup bias. d. plagiarism.

c. ingroup bias

Neuberg & Newsom believe people scoring higher on the Personal Need for Structure scale are: a. less likely to stereotype. b. find it more difficult to stereotype. c. more likely to stereotype. d. equally likely to stereotype as those who score lower on the same scale

c. more likely to sterotype

One reason individuals engage in stereotyping is because it is a(n) __________ part of the thinking process. a. overgeneralized. b. negative c. natural. d.rare

c. natural

Sometimes, we assume members of the outgroup are more alike than members of the ingroup. This is called: a. need for structure.b. categorizing.c. outgroup homogeneity effect. d. outgroup heterogeneity effect.

c. outgroup homogeneity

According to cross-cultural research on the key factors that contribute to prejudice, while some factors are probably unavoidable, others can be: a. examined. b. demonstrated.c. overcome. d. inevitable.

c. overcome

___ theory posits we may learn our prejudicial behaviors/attitudes from role models in our environment. a. Realistic group conflict b. Group identity c. Social learning d. .Relative deprivation

c. social learning

One societal factor that increases prejudice of one group against another is when the dominant group of the country feels threatened by: a. the loss of a large group of emigrants from another country. b. changes in expectations for the population. c. the influx of a large group of immigrants from another country. d. government intervention associated with economic changes.

c. the influx of a large group of immigrants from another country.

The manager of the new shoe store at the mall refused to hire any teenagers just because of their age. This is an example of : a. stereotyping. b. prejudice. c. preferential treatment of teens. d.discrimination.

d. discrimination

In the United States, it appears that some prejudices have ____________over the last 50 years.: a. dramatically increased b. mildly decreased c. remained the same d. dramatically decreased

d. dramatically decreased

________ is our tendency to see the world through the lenses of our own culture. a. Egocentrism b. Evaluation c. Ostracism d.Ethnocentrism

d. ethnocentrism

According to Matsumoto, there are two types of ethnocentrism: _____________ and: a. temporary; permanent.b, childhood onset; adult onset.c. specific; universal. d. flexible; inflexible.

d. flexible; inflexible.

In contrast to an American woman showing her hair, the custom for Muslim women is to wear a ________ or scarf to cover their hair. a. fedora b. veil c. baseball cap d. hijab

d. hijab

____________ ethnocentrism involves judging others as wrong simply because they are different. a. Temporary b. Flexible c. Specific d. Inflexible

d. inflexible

Compared to those who do not believe they are discriminated against, people who perceive themselves to be the target of discrimination feel _________ personal control over their lives (Ruggiero & Taylor, 1997). a. the same b. no c. greater d. less

d. less

One personal variable related to a person's tendency to stereotype is his or her need for predictability and order in life. This is also known as: a. order preference. b.obsessive compulsive disorder. c. expectation. d. need for structure.

d. need for structure

Sometimes, prejudice is related to the perception that others have more wealth, opportunities, status, etc., than you. This is known as: a. realistic group conflict. b. group identity. c. social learning. d. relative deprivation.

d. relative deprivation

Ingroup bias becomes stronger when our group affiliation is based on factors which are meaningful to our: a. group membership. b. situation. c. families. d. self-concept.

d. self-concept

According to social identity theory, liking our own group more than other groups contributes to higher: a. IQ scores. b. levels of individualism. c .levels of personal denial. d. self-esteem.

d. self-esteem

The ____occurs when a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him by others. a. behavioristic expectation b. individualistic expectation c. power distance d. self-fulfilling prophecy

d. self-fulfilling prophecy

. ___________ occurs when an individual's identity is heavily based on a characteristic for which there are strong stereotypes, and as a result, he or she has a heightened awareness of that stereotype, as well as the possibility of it occurring. a.Realistic group conflict b. Social learning c. Sereotypification d. Stereotype threat

d. stereotype threat