Chapter 7 Quiz

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereras in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?

In operation conditioning, the strenght of learning is usually measured by ommitted responses, wheresd in classsical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut, and although he is served the coffee right away, he is told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus

The reseachers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:

Skinner and Thorndike

Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?

The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.

Which of the following examples is consistant with the Law of Effect?

The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating _____ humans.

anxiety disorders

The "law of effect" states that:

any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated

The technical definition of a reinforcer is:

any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

In Pavlov's original experiment, what type of stimulus was the bell after learning occured?

conditioned

The stimulus controlloing the operant response is called a _____ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.

discriminative

In classical conditioning, the response is ____ by a stimulus that comes ____ it.

elicited; before

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is ____, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal

goal-directed

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

Which of following is a primary reinforcer?

praise from a parent?

Consequences that increase behaviors are ____; consqeuences that decrease behvaiors are ____

reinforcers; punishers

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:

say the same things and do what they observed what the adults did

Social learning theory requires ___ in order for learning to take place.

social models

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

Pin-ya raises her hand when she watned to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _____ control.

stimulus

In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate _____ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ____ with a significant event.

stimulus, behavior

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

In classical conditioning the unstimulated response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?

vicarious reinforcement