Chapter 7 Review

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A nurse tells a doctor that a patient is cyanotic. Define cyanosis. What does the presence imply?

1. A blue cast in the skin 2. Inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

The skin has two distinct regions. The superficial layer is the _______________ and the underlying connective tissue is the _______________.

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis

What is a bedsore (decubitus ulcer)? Why does it occur?

1. Localized area of tissue necrosis and death 2. Pressure areas (points of increased pressure over boney areas) restrict the blood supply to the area.

Four protective functions of the skin are

1. Prevents desiccation 2. Prevents bacterial invasion 3. Protects against thermal damage 4. Protects against UV radiation

The two basic tissues of which the skin is composed are dense irregular CT, which makes up the dermis, and _ 1_, which forms the epidermis. The tough water repellent protein found in the epidermal cell is called __2__. The pigment melanin and __3__ contribute to skin color. A localized concentration of melanin is referred to as a __4___.

1. Stratified Squamous Epithelium 2. Keratin 3. Carotene 4. Freckle

Two layers containing dead cells

1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum lucidum

Skin Functions

1. excretion of body waste 2. insulation 3. protection from mechanical damage

The portion of a hair that projects from the scalp surface is known as the

Shaft

Nails originate from the epidermis (T/F)

TRUE

Eccrine/Apocrine glands are found primary in the genital and axillary area.

Apocrine

_______________ is a yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis.

Carotene

Phagocytic cells that occupy the epidermis are called _________.

Dendritic or Lagerhands cells.

Has abundant elastic and collagen fibers

Dermis

Vascular region of the skin

Dermis

What cell-to-cell structure hold the cells of the stratum spinosum tightly together?

Desmosomes

Major skin area as a whole that produces derivatives (nails and hair)

Epidermis

Fibers in the dermis are produced by

Fibroblasts

Thick skin of the epidermis contains _______________ layers.

Five

List the sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin

Free nerve ending (for pain, temp.), tactile corpuses (for touch in hairless skin), lamellar corpuscle (for pressure)

__________ granules contain glycolipids that prevent water loss from the skin.

Lamellar

The cell produce brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects the DNA from ultraviolent radiation damage. The cells are

Melanocytes

Dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

Papillary layer

Layer of areolar connective tissue

Papillary layer

the ducts of sebaceous/sweat glands usually empty into a hair follicle but may also open directly on the skin surface.

Sebaceous

Glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the __________ glands.

Sebaceous (and aprocrine sweat)

Location of melanocytes and tackle (Merkel) cells

Stratum Basale

Layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off

Stratum Corneum

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the

Stratum Corneum

What layer is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?

Stratum Lucidum

Area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of mitotic cells filled with intermediate filaments

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes

Stratum lucidum

A unique touch receptor formed from a stratum basale cell and a nerve fiber is a ____________.

Tacile or Merkel Disc.

What substance is manufactured in the skin and plays a role in calcium absorption elsewhere in the body?

Vitamin D

Epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division

Stratum Basale


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