Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence

What is Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

________________, problem-solving strategy characterized by specific set of instructions

algorithm

_________________, aligned with academic problem solving and computations

analytical intelligence

____________________, aulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

anchoring bias

What is a phoneme?

basic sound unit of a language

What is a prototype?

best representation of a concept

_________________, thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

cognition

_________________ field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

cognitive psychology

What is dyslexia?

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

__________________, set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

confirmation script

___________________, ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

creative intelligence

___________________, people's ability to understand and relate to those in another culture

cultural intelligence

__________________, learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

dysgraphia

What is range of reaction ?

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up

_____________________, ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

emotional intelligence

_____________________, set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

event schema

What is confirmation bias?

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

What is availability heuristic?

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

_______________, inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

functional fixedness

____________________, set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon (all the words in a language)

grammar

What is working backwards?

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

______________________, belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

hindsight bias

_______________________ communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

language

What is a syntax?

manner by which words are organized into sentences

What is a schema (plural = schemata)?

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

________________ continually using an old solution to a problem without results

mental set

What is heuristic?

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

What is problem-solving strategy ?

method for solving problems

__________________ smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

morpheme

___________________ mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences

natural concept

What is the Flynn effect?

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

______________________ is an exception of a rule in a given language

overgeneralization

What is convergent thinking?

providing correct or established answers to problems

__________________ faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

representative bias

_________________ set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person in a particular role

role schema

____________________ process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

semantics

What is an artificial concept?

specific characteristics; we typically have to learn them (ex.geometry)

______________________ measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean

standard deviation

________________________ method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

standardization

What is a representative sample?

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

What is a lexicon?

the words of a given language

_____________________ problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

trial and error

_______________________ theory of intelligence states that there are three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

triarchic

What is a intelligence quotient (IQ)?

(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence

What is norming?

administering a test to a large population to determine the normal scores for a population

What is practical intelligence?

aka "street smarts"

What is creativity?

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

What is fluid intelligence?

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

What is divergent thinking?

ability to think "outside the box" to create solution to problem

What is crystallized intelligence?

acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it