Chapter 7: What is Memory and What are Memory Systems?

What does encoding start with?

attention

Nonassociative learning

habitualization and sensitization

Episodic

memory for one's past experiences that are identified by a time and a place, "episode" of life hippocampus in medial temporal lobe, for newer retrieval

Long term episodic

stored in sense areas EXCEPT for sound, sound is stored in areas for auditory perception

Iconic memory

type of usual sensory memory

Implicit memory

without conscious attention or deliberation

Explicit memory

Actions and reactions

Classical conditioning

Association between stimuli

Recency effect

Better memory for most recent items, ones at end of list

Primacy effect

Better memory people have for items presented at beginning of list Long term

Chunking

Break things down into meaningful units

Memory bias

Changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attributes

Persistance

Continual occurrence of unwanted memories Not a good thing Ex: PTSD

Elaborative rehearsal

Creates meaningful connections to existing memories for deeper encoding

Suggestibilty

Development of biased memories from misleading info (explicit memory)

Recognition

Do you remember seeing this Understanding if you've encountered something

Stages of memory

Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval

What is the success of encoding dependent on?

Existing knowledge

Priming

Facilitation in response to stimulus due to recent experience with stimulus or a related stimulus (perception & conception)

Serial position effect

Finding the ability to recall items from list depends on order of presentation, items presented early or late in list are remembered better than those in middle

Encoding specify principle

Idea that any stimulus encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience

Forgetting

Inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage. Just as important as remembering

Absentmindedness

Inattentive or shallow encoding of events; failing to pay attention

Available Information

Information stored in memory

Accessible Information

Information we retrieve Tiny portion of what's in our heads

Retroactive Interference

Interference that occurs when new info inhibits abilities to remember old info

Proactive interference

Interference that occurs when prior info inhibits ability to remember new info

Methods of studying rated moderate

Interleaved practice: learning two or more concepts/ subjects at a time Elaborative interrogation: references the new things you learn to old info you know Self- explanation

Order of how memories are formed

Learning -> New memory (active) -> Consolidation -> Stored memory (inactive) -> Retrieval -> Stored memory (active) -> Reconsolidation -> (modification) -> Altered memory (inactive)

Working memory (formerly short term memory)

Limited- capacity cognitive system that temporarily stores and manipulates info for current use. Active process ~20-30 seconds

Schema

Long- term memory structures that organize new infor, aiding us in forming new memories

Anterograde amnesia

Lose ability to form NEW memorues

Long-term

Memories stored for retrieval Longer duration than working memory

Source misattribution

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember time, place, person or circumstances involved with memory

State-dependent memory

Memory enhanced when a person's internal states match during encoding and recall

Context-dependent memory

Memory enhancement when the recall situation is similar to encoding situation

Semantic

Memory for facts, concepts, categories independent of personal experience

How is memory divided?

Memory is divided based on whether they are expressed conciously (explicit memory) OR reactions, actions, and reactions (implicit memory)

Sensory memory

Memory system that very briefly stores sensory info in close to its original form Temporary, tied with the iconic to visual echoic to auditory

Cryptoamnesia

Misremembering someone else's ideas as one's own

Method of loci

Mnemonic strategy of associating items you want to remember with physical locations (memory palace)

Tip-of-tongue phenomenon

People experience great frustration as they try to recall specific somewhat obscure words

Source amnesia

Person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered info

Different forms of schema

Person, social, self, event

Methods of studying rated high

Practice testing Distributed practice: breaking up studying over several days

Types of implicit memory

Procedural Priming Classical conditioning Nonassociative learning

Perceptual

Process before a memory is explicit

Consolidation

Process of forming the last connection that represents long-term memory is gradual

Reconsolidation

Re-storage of memory after retrieval

What are the two types of retrieval?

Recall and recognition

Prospective memory

Remembering to do something at future time

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating an item over and over vs. elaborative Thinking more deeply, linking in meaningful ways to existing knowledge

Procedural

Skills, habits

False memory

Something that did not actually happen

Retrieval

Stimulus that promotes memory recall

Long-term Potentiation

Strengths of synaptic connections

DRM paradigm

Study take where participants read and recall list of words but word providing theme not included

Methods of studying rated low

Summarization Highlighting/ underlining Key-word mnemonic Imagery for text Rereading

Blocking

Temporary ability to remember something

How are other memories made?

Through priming, learned association through classical conditioning and nonassociative learning (habituation & sensitization)

Echoic memory

Type of auditory sensory memory

Types of encoding

Visual, acoustic, semantic

Flashbulb memories

Vivid episodic memories of the circumstances in which people 1st learned a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event can be wrong/ warped

Dual- coding hypothesis

We can remember info that we code visually and verbally

Recall

What do you remember Retrieve info in response to question or cue

Retrieval

When memory of past experience is expressed

Storage

When the memory of this experience formed and maintained

Encoding

When you first experience an event that results in a memory

Memory

ability to store and retrieve information