Chapter 7: What is Memory and What are Memory Systems?
What does encoding start with?
attention
Nonassociative learning
habitualization and sensitization
Episodic
memory for one's past experiences that are identified by a time and a place, "episode" of life hippocampus in medial temporal lobe, for newer retrieval
Long term episodic
stored in sense areas EXCEPT for sound, sound is stored in areas for auditory perception
Iconic memory
type of usual sensory memory
Implicit memory
without conscious attention or deliberation
Explicit memory
Actions and reactions
Classical conditioning
Association between stimuli
Recency effect
Better memory for most recent items, ones at end of list
Primacy effect
Better memory people have for items presented at beginning of list Long term
Chunking
Break things down into meaningful units
Memory bias
Changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attributes
Persistance
Continual occurrence of unwanted memories Not a good thing Ex: PTSD
Elaborative rehearsal
Creates meaningful connections to existing memories for deeper encoding
Suggestibilty
Development of biased memories from misleading info (explicit memory)
Recognition
Do you remember seeing this Understanding if you've encountered something
Stages of memory
Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval
What is the success of encoding dependent on?
Existing knowledge
Priming
Facilitation in response to stimulus due to recent experience with stimulus or a related stimulus (perception & conception)
Serial position effect
Finding the ability to recall items from list depends on order of presentation, items presented early or late in list are remembered better than those in middle
Encoding specify principle
Idea that any stimulus encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience
Forgetting
Inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage. Just as important as remembering
Absentmindedness
Inattentive or shallow encoding of events; failing to pay attention
Available Information
Information stored in memory
Accessible Information
Information we retrieve Tiny portion of what's in our heads
Retroactive Interference
Interference that occurs when new info inhibits abilities to remember old info
Proactive interference
Interference that occurs when prior info inhibits ability to remember new info
Methods of studying rated moderate
Interleaved practice: learning two or more concepts/ subjects at a time Elaborative interrogation: references the new things you learn to old info you know Self- explanation
Order of how memories are formed
Learning -> New memory (active) -> Consolidation -> Stored memory (inactive) -> Retrieval -> Stored memory (active) -> Reconsolidation -> (modification) -> Altered memory (inactive)
Working memory (formerly short term memory)
Limited- capacity cognitive system that temporarily stores and manipulates info for current use. Active process ~20-30 seconds
Schema
Long- term memory structures that organize new infor, aiding us in forming new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Lose ability to form NEW memorues
Long-term
Memories stored for retrieval Longer duration than working memory
Source misattribution
Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember time, place, person or circumstances involved with memory
State-dependent memory
Memory enhanced when a person's internal states match during encoding and recall
Context-dependent memory
Memory enhancement when the recall situation is similar to encoding situation
Semantic
Memory for facts, concepts, categories independent of personal experience
How is memory divided?
Memory is divided based on whether they are expressed conciously (explicit memory) OR reactions, actions, and reactions (implicit memory)
Sensory memory
Memory system that very briefly stores sensory info in close to its original form Temporary, tied with the iconic to visual echoic to auditory
Cryptoamnesia
Misremembering someone else's ideas as one's own
Method of loci
Mnemonic strategy of associating items you want to remember with physical locations (memory palace)
Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
People experience great frustration as they try to recall specific somewhat obscure words
Source amnesia
Person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered info
Different forms of schema
Person, social, self, event
Methods of studying rated high
Practice testing Distributed practice: breaking up studying over several days
Types of implicit memory
Procedural Priming Classical conditioning Nonassociative learning
Perceptual
Process before a memory is explicit
Consolidation
Process of forming the last connection that represents long-term memory is gradual
Reconsolidation
Re-storage of memory after retrieval
What are the two types of retrieval?
Recall and recognition
Prospective memory
Remembering to do something at future time
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating an item over and over vs. elaborative Thinking more deeply, linking in meaningful ways to existing knowledge
Procedural
Skills, habits
False memory
Something that did not actually happen
Retrieval
Stimulus that promotes memory recall
Long-term Potentiation
Strengths of synaptic connections
DRM paradigm
Study take where participants read and recall list of words but word providing theme not included
Methods of studying rated low
Summarization Highlighting/ underlining Key-word mnemonic Imagery for text Rereading
Blocking
Temporary ability to remember something
How are other memories made?
Through priming, learned association through classical conditioning and nonassociative learning (habituation & sensitization)
Echoic memory
Type of auditory sensory memory
Types of encoding
Visual, acoustic, semantic
Flashbulb memories
Vivid episodic memories of the circumstances in which people 1st learned a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event can be wrong/ warped
Dual- coding hypothesis
We can remember info that we code visually and verbally
Recall
What do you remember Retrieve info in response to question or cue
Retrieval
When memory of past experience is expressed
Storage
When the memory of this experience formed and maintained
Encoding
When you first experience an event that results in a memory
Memory
ability to store and retrieve information