Chapter 8
Each FADH2 from the Krebs cycle that enters the electron transport system results in the production of _____ ATP(s). A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
2
What chemical causes death in many eukaryotes because it blocks cytochrome C oxidase? A. Copper B. Iron C. Cyanide D. Oxygen E. Carbon monoxide
Cyanide
Most electron carriers are ______. A. coenzymes B. enzymes C. hydrogen D. inorganic phosphate
coenzymes
All organisms that are photosynthetic are oxygenic. True/False
false
When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the usual net production of ATP? A. 2 B. 3 C. 24 D. 36 E. 38
2
Each NADH that enters the electron transport system results in the production of _____ ATPs. A. 2 B. 3 C. 24 D. 36 E. 38
3
ATP will be made from them in the electron transport system? A. 10 B. 38 C. 36 D. 2 E. 30
30
In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated? A. 2 B. 3 C. 24 D. 36 E. 38
38
Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces A. 2 ATP only if oxygen is present. B. 2 ATP without oxygen. C. 4 ATP only if oxygen is present. D. 4 ATP without oxygen
4 ATP without oxygen
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6
6
In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ______. A. ATP B. ADP C. pyruvic acid D. oxygen E. NAD
ADP
All of the following are exoenzymes except ______. A. ATP synthase B. streptokinase C. penicillinase D. collagenase
ATP synthase
Which of the following statements is false regarding amphibolic pathways? A. Metabolic pathways are amphibolic, that is, catabolism and anabolism are intertwined in order to conserve energy in the cell. B. Glucose is broken down in glycolysis; however, not all of the intermediates in the pathway are utilized as an energy source. Many leave the pathway to serve as precursors for complex molecules. C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as a precursor for amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate synthesis. D All organisms use metabolic pathways to synthesize the 20 amino acids necessary for protein synthesis using precursors from catabolic processes. E Glucose is broken down during glycolysis to pyruvate; however, when glucose is in short supply, pyruvate is used as a precursor in the process of gluconeogenesis.
All organisms use metabolic pathways to synthesize the 20 amino acids necessary for protein synthesis using precursors from catabolic processes.
When comparing fermentation and anaerobic respiration, which statement would be true? A.Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are the same. B.Fermentation produces carbon dioxide, whereas anaerobic respiration does not. C.Anaerobic respiration and fermentation both employ the electron transport system. D.Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation use phosphorylation to make ATP.
Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation use phosphorylation to make ATP.
FAD, NADP, NAD, and coenzyme A are all carriers of ________. A. hydrogens B. electrons C. ATP D. Both hydrogens and electrons are correct.
Both hydrogens and electrons are correct.
Which of the following processes is endergonic? A. Beta oxidation of fatty acids B. Carbon fixation C. The oxidation of glucose D. Deamination E. Burning wood
Carbon fixation
Which of the following metabolic system descriptions is mismatched? A. Cyclic - the starting molecule is regenerated to initiate another turn B. Convergent - a linear pathway branches into two or more alternative processes C. Linear - the product of enzyme A becomes the substrate for enzyme B D. Divergent - one or more branches deviate from a linear path
Convergent - a linear pathway branches into two or more alternative processes
Often the mnemonic device "OIL RIG" is used to remember the principles of redox reactions. Oxidation Is Loss and Reduction Is Gain of what? A. Electrons only B. Hydrogen only C. Oxygen only D. Electrons and hydrogen E. Oxygen and electrons
Electrons and hydrogen
Each of the following are electron carriers except ______. A. NAD B. FAD C. NADP D. FADP
FADP
ATP molecules are catalysts that lower the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction. True/False
False
In addition to electrons, which of the following is also involved in electron transfer? A. ADP B. Glucose C. Carbon D. Hydrogen E. Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
The space between the cell membrane and the cell wall is important during aerobic respiration. Why? A.Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient. B.Cytochrome electron carriers are located in the space. C.Oxygen combines with electrons in that space to form water. D.Pyruvate is transported into the space to be converted into acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle.
Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient.
One turn of the Calvin cycle fixes a molecule of CO2 gas and is driven by 3 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADPH from the light reactions. Which of the following is true? A. It takes 3 turns of the cycle, 9 molecules of ATP, and 6 molecules of NADPH to make one molecule of glucose. B. It takes 6 turns of the cycle, 18 molecules of ATP, and 12 molecules of NADPH to make a glucose molecule. C. The cycle must be carried out in the dark. D. The cycle is exergonic.
It takes 6 turns of the cycle, 18 molecules of ATP, and 12 molecules of NADPH to make a glucose molecule.
Which of the following is not true of anaerobic respiration? A. It involves glycolysis. B. It generates some ATP. C. It utilizes an electron transport system. D. It uses the same final electron acceptor as aerobic respiration.
It uses the same final electron acceptor as aerobic respiration
The reactions of fermentation function to produce _______ molecules for further use in glycolysis. A. pyruvic acid B. ATP C. NAD+ D. NADH E. glucose
NAD+
What process is described here? A concentration gradient of H+ ions is created in the periplasmic space by actively transporting the ions across the membrane using the energy liberated when carrier molecules are oxidized. When the H+ ions pass through ATPase, enough energy is generated to add phosphate groups onto ADP molecules. A. Fermentation B. The Calvin cycle C. Substrate-level phosphorylation D. Oxidative phosphorylation E. Deamination
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following characterize the Calvin cycle? A. A process that requires light B. Nitrogen is fixed into an organic form C. Produces glucose as an end product D. Produces carbon dioxide and water E. Produces oxygen
Produces glucose as an end product
Which of the following is not part of the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? A. Reduction of NAD+ B. Coenzyme A attaches to an acetyl group C. Oxidation of pyruvic acid D. Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
Which of the following is not a process that regenerates ATP? A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. Reductive phosphorylation C. Substrate-level phosphorylation D. Photophosphorylation
Reductive phosphorylation
Which of the following is not true of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? A. They occur in thylakoid membranes. B. They generate NADPH. C. They generate glucose from CO2 and H2O. D. The photons cause magnesium to release electrons. E. ATP is generated by a chemiosmotic mechanism.
They generate glucose from CO2 and H2O.
Below is a metabolic pathway having 3 chemical reactions and 3 enzymes. Enzyme 1 has 2 binding sites--1 for the substrate A and another for the end product D. As the pathway proceeds, the end product in higher quantities will react with enzyme 1, blocking the enzyme's binding to the substrate. Which statement is true about this pathway? enz1 enz2 enz3 Substrate A --> B --> C --> D end product A.This is a case of noncompetitive inhibition. B.As a result of the inhibition of the enzyme, there will eventually be less substrate converted to the end product D. C.Enzyme 1 has an active site and a regulatory site. D.All of the choices are correct.
all of the choices are correct
Intermediates from the Krebs cycle can be converted to amino acids by the process of ______. A. amination B. deamination C. phosphorylation D. beta oxidation E. gluconeogenesis
amination
The unknown bacterium that you are testing makes the enzyme phenyalanine deaminase, as indicated by the results of a phenylalanine test. This enzyme facilitates the removal of a/an ______ group from the organic compound so it can be converted into an intermediate compound for the Krebs cycle. A. carboxyl B. amino C. phosphate D. hydroxyl
amino
The property of organisms to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called ______. A. metabolism B. amphibolism C. anabolism D. catabolism E. biosynthesis
amphibolism
The step involving ATP, hexokinase, and the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is A. the final step of the Krebs cycle. B. the first redox reaction of the electron transport system. C. an example of oxidative phosphorylation. D. an example of substrate-level phosphorylation. E. an example of photophosphorylation.
an example of substrate-level phosphorylation.
The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______. A. anabolism B. phosphorylation C. fermentation D. catabolism E. glycolysis
anabolism
Oxidoreductase apoenzymes utilize a coenzyme to function. The NAD+ and FAD coenzymes A. carry only electrons between molecules. B. are oxidized when they remove electrons from the substrate. C. are reduced when they remove electrons from the substrate. D. are reduced when they add electrons to the substrate
are reduced when they remove electrons from the substrate
Reactants are converted to products by A. enzymes releasing energy. B. breaking and forming bonds. C. enzymes binding to products. D. reactants always releasing energy
breaking and forming bonds
Ribozymes are ______. A. ribosomes which catalyze reactions B. unique to prokaryotes C. unique to eukaryotes D. catalysts for RNA splicing E. catalysts for DNA splicing
catalysts for RNA splicin
In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ______. A. cell membrane B. mitochondria C. chloroplasts D. ribosomes E. cytoplasm
cell membrane
A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called ______. A. substrates B. apoenzymes C. catalysts D. cofactors E. ribozymes
cofactors
ulfa drugs like Bactrim, given for bacterial infections, inhibit bacteria by blocking folic acid synthesis. The precursor molecule of folic acid is para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). Interestingly, PABA has a structure very similar to a sulfa drug. If a sulfa drug is present, the bacterial enzyme will bind the sulfa drug because of structural similarity. This is an example of ______. A. enzyme induction B. enzyme repression C. noncompetitive inhibition D. competitive inhibition E. catabolite repression
competitive inhibition
Anabolic reactions that involve ligases and release water molecules when bonds are formed are called ______ reactions. A. reduction B. condensation C. oxidation D. transfer
condensation
Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are ______. A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes C. constitutive enzymes D. regulated enzymes E. endoenzymes
constitutive enzymes
Metabolic pathways that regenerate their starting molecule are called _____ pathways. A. linear B. bidirectional C. convergent D. cyclic E. divergent
cyclic
An oxidase detection test can be used to identify certain bacteria because they are missing or lack expression of ______. A. cytochrome C oxidase B. NAD C. mitochondria D. ATP synthase E. coenzyme Q
cytochrome C oxidase
Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen ions and compounds by some bacteria is called ______. A. aerobic respiration B. denitrification C. nitrification D. fermentation E. deamination
denitrification
During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed? A. Electron transport system B. The Krebs cycle C. Glycolysis D. Processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle E. All phases produce the same number of ATP molecules.
electron transport system
Enzymes that function inside a cell are ______. A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes C. constitutive enzymes D. regulated enzymes E. endoenzymes
endoenzymes
The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of ______ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction. A. cofactors B. vitamins C. enzymes D. ATP E. coenzymes
enzymes
Your bacterium is growing on a type of medium called casein agar, which contains milk protein (casein). There is a clear zone around the growth area of the bacterium, showing that it is synthesizing the enzymes needed to catalyze the breakdown of casein. These enzymes are considered ______. A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes C. ribozymes D. endoenzymes
exoenzymes
ATP is composed of deoxyribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups. True/False
false
All aerobic bacterial species have identical electron acceptors in their electron transport systems. True/False
false
During the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide gas is fixed into a solid, organic form; this is an endergonic process driven by ATP generated from aerobic respiration. True/False
false
Microbes can utilize only carbohydrates for energy production. True/False
false
Only yeast produce alcohol as a fermentation product. True/False
false
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts of prokaryotes. True/False
false
The best way to control a metabolic pathway is to control the fastest enzyme in the series. True/False
false
The process of forming glucose from various metabolic intermediates is called ______. A. glycolysis B. amphibolism C. phosphorylation D. amination E. gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in A. glycolysis and the electron transport chain. B. photosynthesis and glycolysis. C. glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. D. the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system. E. the electron transport system only.
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
The principle sites of amphibolic interaction occur during ______. A. glycolysis and photosynthesis B. the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system C. glycolysis and the Krebs cycle D. fermentation and the Krebs cycle E. fermentation and glycolysis
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force. A. ATP B. phosphate C. hydrogen ions D. oxygen E. NADH
hydrogen ions
The bacterial genus Bacillus can utilize starch as a nutrient by splitting the starch molecule into smaller molecules of glucose with the addition of water. The enzymes to do this would be classified as ______. A. transferases B. oxidoreductases C. ligases D. hydrolases E. isomerases
hydrolases
Enzymes that are only produced when substrate is present are termed ______. A. exoenzymes B. endoenzymes C. constitutive enzymes D. induced enzymes E. conjugated enzymes
induced enzymes
All of the following pertain to glycolysis except A. it occurs without oxygen. B. it ends with formation of pyruvic acid. C. it occurs during fermentation. D. it degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O. E. it involves reduction of NAD
it degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O
Which of the following is not a photosynthetic pigment? A.Carotenoid B.Leukophyll C.Phycobilin D.Chlorophyll
leukophyll
When the product of reaction A becomes the reactant of reaction B, this exemplifies a _______ metabolic pathway. A. linear B. bidirectional C. convergent D. cyclic E. divergent
linear
Each of the following are denaturing agents except ______. A. high temperature B. low temperature C. high pH D. low pH
low temperature
The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions within a cell is ______. A. catabolism B. redox reactions C. phosphorylation D. metabolism E. cellular respiration
metabolism
A type of cofactor would be ______. A. vitamins B. metallic ions C. active sites D. substrates E. ribozymes
metallic ions
Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are ______. A. apoenzymes B. exoenzymes C. constitutive enzymes D. regulated enzymes E. endoenzymes
noncompetitive inhibition
Exergonic reactions A. include synthesis of large carbohydrates. B. only occur in heterotrophs. C. occur during aerobic cellular respiration. D. do not occur in anaerobic cellular respiration. E. occur when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to form ATP.
occur during aerobic cellular respiration
The most likely place where an exoenzyme participates in a chemical reaction is ______. A. in mitochondria B. within the cell membrane C. in lysosomes D. in cytoplasm E. outside of the cell
outside of the cell
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of electrons from one substrate and the addition of electrons to another are called ______. A. transferases B. oxidoreductases C. lyases D. isomerases E. ligases
oxidoreuctases
During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______. A. pyruvic acid B. oxygen C. nitrate D. cytochrome C E. FAD
oxygen
The light-harvesting units in the thylakoid membranes are the ______. A. ATP synthases B. electrons C. ATP molecules D. photosystems E. grana
photosystems
Mixed acid fermentation A. produces butyric acid. B. occurs in all bacteria. C. produces several different acids plus CO2 and H2 gases. D. is seen in Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. E. also produces ethanol.
produces several different acids plus CO2 and H2 gases
Enzymes are A. broken down in reactions that require energy input. B. proteins that function as catalysts. C. used up in chemical reactions. D. not needed for catabolic reactions. E. carbohydrate or protein in composition.
proteins that function as catalysts
Fermentation ______. A. requires an organic electron acceptor B. requires oxygen C. only occurs in aerobic organisms D. is equivalent to aerobic respiration in ATP production E. is the same as anaerobic respiration
requires an organic electron acceptor
In which pathway is the most NADH generated? A. The electron transport system B. The Krebs cycle C. Glycolysis D. Alcoholic fermentation E. Mixed acid fermentation
the Krebs Cycle
The majority of NADH is produced in ______. A. glycolysis B. the Krebs cycle C. the electron transport system D. photosynthesis E. fermentation
the Krebs Cycle
The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins ______. A. glycolysis B. the electron transport system C. the Krebs cycle D. fermentation E. oxidative phosphorylation
the Krebs cycle
The redox carriers of the electron transport system that have a tightly bound metal atom responsible for accepting and donating electrons are ______. A. NAD molecules B. FAD molecules C. NADP molecules D. the cytochromes E. the flavoproteins
the cytochromes
In which stage of aerobic respiration is water produced? A. Glycolysis B. The Krebs cycle C. The electron transport system
the electron transport system
Noncompetitive inhibition is best described as A. the substrate binding to DNA, blocking enzyme transcription. B. the end product binding to DNA, blocking enzyme transcription. C. the substrate binding to enzyme in a regulatory site. D. the end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site. E. an anabolic reaction.
the end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site
The relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis is that A. the ATP made during the light-dependent reactions is used for the growth and development of the cell and the ATP from the oxidation of glucose drives the light reactions. B. the light-independent reactions are driven by the ATP and NADPH generated from the light reactions. C. the energy stored in the glucose made during the Calvin cycle is used to drive the light reactions. D. the light-dependent and light-independent reactions both take place within the membranes of bacterial cells or thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
the light-independent reactions are driven by the ATP and NADPH generated from the light reactions
An apoenzyme is ______. A. part of a simple enzyme B. also called a coenzyme C. the protein part of a holoenzyme D. often an inorganic metal ion E. an RNA molecule
the protein part of a holoenzyme
A bacterium that you isolated from pond water appears to use light for energy. Based upon this information, you inoculate the organism into fresh media, infused with lots of carbon dioxide. Even after incubation at the correct temperature (of pond water), the organism is not growing. Your best explanation of what might have happened is A. there was no sulfur compound added to the medium, that could be used as an electron donor. B. no oxygen was added to the medium so the organism died. C. there is some inhibitory chemical that is preventing the growth of the bacterium. D. you were using the wrong type of sunlight as the energy source for the bacterium
there was no sulfur compound added to the medium, that could be used as an electron donor.
Each of the following are true of enzymes except A. they can be used over and over. B. they may or may not require cofactors. C. their active site is specific to the substrate. D. they increase the activation energy of a reaction. E. their action may involve minerals.
they increase the activation energy of a reaction
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of a a functional group and its subsequent attachment to a new substrate are called ______. A. transferases B. oxidoreductases C. isomerases D. lyases E. ligases
transferases
ATP synthase is a complex enzyme needed for oxidative phosphorylation. True/False
true
Building block molecules for biosynthetic pathways come from the cell's catabolic pathways and from the environment. True/False
true
Cells generate ATP from the release of chemical energy from nutrients, whereas chlorophyll-containing organisms generate ATP via the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis as well as from the oxidation of nutrients. True/False
true
Denaturing an apoenzyme will destroy the three-dimensional shape of the protein, making it nonfunctional. True/False
true
Exoenzymes from pathogens are called virulencefactors. True/False
true
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is an intermediary of glycolysis that can also be utilized in biosynthetic pathways. True/False
true
Hydrolysis reactions are catabolic reactions that use water to split the reactant into smaller subunits. True/False
true
Oxygen-containing ions are used by some bacteria in their electron transport system. True/False
true
Recently discovered bacteria that inhabit the ocean floor undergo photosynthesis using light from chemical reactions, the breaking of mineral crystals, or from bubble formation. True/False
true
Important components of coenzymes are _______. A. vitamins B. metallic ions C. active sites D. substrates E. ribozymes
vitamins