Chapter 8: communicating digital content

Broadcast Radio

is a wireless transmission medium that distributes radio signals through the air over long distances, such as between cities, regions, and countries, and short distances, such as within an office or home.

T-Carrier Line

is any of several types of long-distance digital phone lines that carry multiple signals over a single communications line.

T3 Line

is equal in speed to 28 T1 lines. T3 is quite expensive.

Latency

is the time it takes a signal to travel from one location to another on a network.

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

also known as 802.16, is a network standard developed by IEEE that specifies how wireless devices communicate over the air in a wide area.

Noise

an electrical disturbance that can degrade communications.

Wireless Ethernet

known as Wi-Fi, because it uses techniques similar to the Ethernet standard to specify how physically to configure a wireless network.

share data and information

any authorized user can access data and information stored on a network

Communications Device

any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device.

Clients

are other computers and mobile devices on the network that rely on the server for its resources.

Microwaves

are radio waves that provide a high-speed signal transmission.

Cable

cable television (CATV) network provides high-speed Internet connections, called cable Internet service. CATV signal enters a building through a single line, usually a coaxial cable.

transmission media

consist of materials or substances capable of carrying one or more communications signals

Twisted-Pair Cable

consist of one or more twisted-pair wire consists of two separate insulated copper wires that are twisted together.

Fiber-Optic Cable

consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that use light to transmit signals.

Communication software

consists of programs and apps that (1) help users establish a connection to another computer, mobile device, or network; (2) manage the transmission of data, instructions, and information; and (3) provide an interface for users to communicate with one another.

twisted-pair wire

consists of two separate insulated copper wires that are twisted together

Network Standard

defines guidelines that specify the way computers access the medium to which they are connected, the type(s) of medium used, the speeds used on different types of networks, and the type(s) of physical cable and/or the wireless technology used.

5G

fifth generation of cellular transmissions; future generation of cellular transmissions; expected to improve bandwidth; expected to provide artificial intelligence capabilities on wearable devices.

1G

first generation of cellular transmissions; analog data transfer at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps.

4G

fourth generation of cellular transmissions; digital data transfer at speeds up to 100 Mbps; improved video transmissions; standard include Long Term Evolution and IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX).

Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)

identifies any network based on the 802.11 standards.

Sending Device

initiates an instruction to transmit data, instructions, or information.

Intranet

internal network that uses internet technologies

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

is a LAN that uses no physical wires. Computer and devices that access wireless LAN must have built-in capability or the appropriate wireless network card,USB adapter or other wireless device

Cable Modem

is a broadband modem that sends and receives digital data over the CATV network.

DSL Modem

is a broadband modem that sends digital data and information from a computer to a DSL line and receives digital data and information from a DSL line.

ISDN Modem

is a broadband modem that sends digital data and information from a computer to an ISDN line and receives digital data and information.

Wireless Access Points (WAP)

is a central communications device that allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or to a wired network using wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi.

Dial-Up Modem

is a communications device that converts digital signals to analog signals and analog signals to digital signals, so that data can travel along an analog phone line.

Broadband Router

is a device that performs the functions of a router and also a broadband modem.

Wireless Router

is a device that performs the functions of a router and also a wireless access point.

Broadband Wireless Router

is a device that performs the functions of a router, a wireless access point, and a cable or DSL modem.

Mobile Broadband Wireless Router

is a device that performs the functions of a router, a wireless access point, and a wireless modem.

Hub or Switch

is a device that provides a central point for cables in a network. Larger networks use hub, smaller network use switch

Cellular Radio

is a form of broadcast radio that is in wide use for mobile communications, specifically wireless modems and mobile phones.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

is a high speed network that connects local area networks in a metropolitan area, such as a city or town, and handles the bulk of communications activity across that region. -manage by consortium of user by single network provider

Global Positioning System (GPS)

is a navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver's geographic location.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

is a protocol that defines how a network uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or a person.

Home Network

many home users connect multiple computers and devices together.

broadband

media transmit multiple signals simultaneously.

IP Hijacking

occurs when cyberthieves tap into home routers or cable modems or other Internet access point to intercept a paid Internet service.

Near Field Communications (NFC)

is a protocol, based on RFID, that defines how a network uses close-range radio signals to communicate between two devices or objects equipped with NFC technology.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

is a service that carries voice, data, video, and media at very high speeds.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

is a set of standards for digital transmission of data over standard copper phone lines.

Communications Satellite

is a space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies (strengthens) the signals, and broadcasts the signals back over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations.

Value-Added Network (VAN) provider

is a third-party business that provides networking services such as EDI services, secure data and information transfer, storage, or email.

Body Area Network (BAN)

is a type of PAN that wirelessly connects sensors worn by, carried by implanted in, or attached to a human body.

Coaxial Cable

often referred to as coax consists of a single copper wire surrounded by at least three layers: (1) an insulating material, (2) a woven or braided metal, and (3) a plastic outer coating.

Client/Server Network

one or more computers act as a server, and the other computers on the network request services from the server.

Transmission Media

or a communications channel, on which the data, instructions, or information travel.

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

provides home users with Internet access via fiber-optic cable.

Fractional T1

purchased by home and small businesses, in which they share a connection to the T1 line with other users.

Downstream Rate

receiving data

Fiber to the Building (FTTB)

refers to small businesses that use fiber-optic cables to access the Internet.

Line-of-Sight Transmission

required by infrared, is the sending device and the receiving device must be in line with each other so that nothing obstructs the path of the infrared light wave.

Network Architecture

the configuration of computers, devices, and media in a network sometime called network architecture

Digital Communications

the process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions, and information.

Packet Switching

the technique of breaking a message into individual packets, sending the packets along the best route available, and then reassembling the data.

3G

third generation of cellular transmissions; digital data transfer at speeds from 144 Kbps to 3.84 Mbps; improved data transmissions, added MMS; standards include UMTS, CDMA, EDGE, and EVDO

Uplink

transmission from a satellite to an earth-based station.

Downlink

transmission from an earth-based station to a satellite.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

transmit on existing standard copper phone wiring.

Physical Transmission Media

use wire, cable, and other tangible materials to send communications signals.

communication device

-connects the sending device to a communications channel. - also connect the communications channel to a receiving device

Bus Network

A network consisting of a central cable to which all network devices are attached. Bus is the physical cable that connects the computers and other devices Bus in bus network transmit data,instructions and information in both direction Failure of one does not affect other

microwave station

An earth-based reflective dish that contains the antenna, transceivers, and other equipment necessary for microwave communications.

P2P file sharing

Sometime called file sharing network, describe an internet network which user access each other's hand drives and exchange file directly over the internet via file sharing programs

Ring Network

Cable forms a closed loop with all computers and devices arranged along the ring If one node fails, entire network potentially could stop function

microwave transmission

Called fixed wireless,involve sending signal from one microwave station to another m

Fixed wireless WiMAX

Customer accesses the internet from desktop at home or other permanent location

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Defines how business documents transmit across transmission media

facilitate communication

People communicate efficiently and easily

network topology

Refers to the geometric arrangement of the actual physical organization of the computers and other network devices) in a network

Multiplexing

Same phone line that could carry only one computer signal now can carry three or more signals at once through the same line

Network

a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and transmission media.

Routers

a communications device that connects multiple computers or other routers together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network.

GPS receiver

a handheld, mountable, or embedded device that contains an antenna, a radio receiver, and a processor

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP/IP

a network protocol that defines how messages (data) are routed from one end of a network to the other, ensuring the data arrives correctly. Describe rules for dividing message into small piece called packets,providing addresses for each packet,checking for and detecting errors,sequencing packets and regulating flow of message along network

Bluetooth

a network protocol that defines how two Bluetooth devices use short-range radio waves to transmit data.

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

a network standard that defines how high-speed cellular transmissions use broadcast radio to transmit data for mobile communications.

Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

a network standard that specifies how two UWB devices use short-range radio waves to communicate at high speeds with each other.

Ethernet

a network standard that specifies no central computer or device on the network (nodes) should control when data can be transmitted. If 2computer on Ethernet send data at one time collision occur, 1 will have to resend

Local Area Network (LAN)

a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area, such as a home, school, office building or closely positioned group of buildings.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

a network that connects computers and devices in an individual's work space using wired and wireless technology.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

a network that covers a large geographic area (such as a city, country, or the world) using a variety of wired and wireless transmission media. Can be one large network or consist of multiple LAN

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

a popular type of DSL, is a type of DSL that supports faster downstream rates than upstream rates.

802.11

a series of network standards that specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other.

Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P)

a simple, inexpensive network architecture that typically connects fewer than 10 computers.

Token

a special series of bits that functions like a ticket. Only one token exist per network to ensure only one computer transmits data at a time

Protocol

a standard that outlines characteristics of how two devices communicate on a network.

Dedicated Line

a type of always-on physical connection that is established between two communications devices.

Receiving Device

accepts the transmission of data, instructions, or information.

Star Network

all of the computers and devices (nodes) on the network connect to a central device, thus forming a star If I node fail, only the node affected If central node fail,entire network inoperable

Extranet

allows customers or suppliers to access part of its intranet

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

allows users connected to a network to exchange money from one account to another via transmission media.

Broadband Modem

also called a digital modem, is a communications device that sends and receives data and information to and from a digital line.

Share Hardware

each computer or device on a network can be provided access to hardware on the network

Node

each computer or device on the network, often share resources such as printer, large hard drives,program. Often, nodes connected via cables

Peer

each computer or mobile device, has equal responsibilities and capabilities, sharing hardware (such as a printer), data, or information with other computers and mobile devices on the peer-to-peer network.

Optical Fiber

each strand, is as thin as a human hair.

Mobile wireless WiMAX

enables users to access the WiMAX network with mobile computers and mobile devices. Data transfer rate: 15 Mbps.

2G

second generation of cellular transmissions; digital data transfer at speeds from 9.6 Kbps to 144 Kbps; improved voice transmissions, added data communications, and added SMS or text messaging services; standards include GSM and GPRS.

Wireless Transmission Media

send communications signals through the air or space.

Upstream Rate

sending data

Mobile Hot Spot

some smartphones also can function as a wireless modem, when tethered to a personal computer or mobile device.

Server

sometimes called a host computer, controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on the network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information.

Network Card

sometimes called a network interface card (NCIC), is a communications device that enables a computer or device that does not have built-in networking capability to access a network.

Token Ring

standard specifies that computers and devices on the network share or pass a special signal, called a token, in a unidirectional manner and in a preset order. Based on ring topology

Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

standard to transmit data wirelessly to each other via infrared (IR) light waves.

Bandwidth

the amount of data, instructions, and information that can travel over transmission media.

share software

users connected to a network have access to software on the network

Wireless Modem

uses a mobile service provider's network to connect to the Internet wirelessly from a computer or mobile device.

Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)

uses fiber-optic cable to provide extremely high-speed Internet access to a user's physical permanent location.

infared(IR)

wireless transmission medium that sends signal using infared light waves