Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System

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preeclampsia

Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema, and headache

pregnancy

Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks

adnexa uteri

Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments

erythoblastosis fetalis

Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

endometrium

Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus

amnion

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

hymen

Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

amniocentesis

Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw fluid for chromosomal analysis

culdocentesis

Needle puncture to remove fluid from the cul-de-sac

fallopian tube

One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus

uterine serosa

Outermost layer surrounding the uterus

Path

Pathology

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

fetus

Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks

lactiferous ducts

Tubes that carry milk within the breast

dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)

Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus

meconium aspiration syndrome

abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stools) produced by a fetus or newborn

AUB

abnormal uterine bleeding

AB

abortion

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain

parturition

act of giving birth

-version

act of turning

hyaline membrane disease

acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein (high levels of amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant)

amni/o

amnion

orifice

an opening

ASCUS

atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance- the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet to criteria for a specific lesion

retro-

backward

-parous

bearing, bringing forth

pre-

before

-arche

beginning

menarche

beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

fibroids

benign tumors in the uterus

nat/i

birth

tubal ligation

blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring

obstetrics

branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

mamm/o

breast

mast/o

breast

BRCA1 BRCA2

breast cancer 1 and 2 - genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer

BSE

breast self-examination

CIS

carcinoma in situ

CIN

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cx

cervix

cervic/o

cervix, neck

C-section

cesarean section

CS

cesarean section

chori/o chorion/o

chorion

CVS

chorionic villus sampling

Down syndrome

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes

ovarian cysts

collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary

fetal monitoring

continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor

culd/o

cul-de-sac

areola

dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple

cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning

ovarian follicle

developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime

DES

diethylstilbestrol - an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated

D & C

dilatation (dilation) and curettage

-rrhea

discharge

DCIS

ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer

DUB

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

o/o

egg

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)

ECC

endocervical curettage

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones stimulate the ovaries

EMB

endometrial biopsy

endometriosis

endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

EDC

estimated date of confinement

vulva

external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice

-salpinx

fallopian (uterine) tube

salping/o

fallopian tubes

gonad

female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis

FHR

fetal heart rate

fimbriae (singular: fimbria)

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

primi-

first

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone- secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

menopause

gradual ending of menstruation

G

gravida (pregnant)

GYN

gynecology

HDN

hemolytic disease of the newborn

uterus

hollow, pear shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. the upper portion in the fundus; middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like potion is the cervix

progesterone

hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women

estrogen

hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics

luteinizing hormone (LH)

hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

hCG or HCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

HPV

human papillomavirus

HSG

hysterosalpingography

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

placenta previa

implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus

in-

in

perineum

in females, the area between the anus and the vagina

IVF

in vitro fertilization

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix

IUD

intrauterine device; contraceptive

-tocia

labor, birth

LSH

laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

LAVH

laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy

LMP

last menstrual period

labia

lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and the labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips

LEEP

loop electrocautery excision procedure

cervix

lower neck-like opening to the uterus

LH

luteinizing hormone

gamete

male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum

carcinoma of the cervix

malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer)

carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)

malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)

ovarian carcinoma

malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)

choriocarcinoma

malignant tumor of the placenta

carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)

malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma)

multi-

many

ovum (plural: ova)

mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.

pelvimetry

measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis

men/o

menses menstruation

Pap test

microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix

galact/o

milk

lact/o

milk

menstruation

monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (latin mensis means month)

multiple gestation

more than one fetus inside the uterus

multip

multipara; multiparous

myometrium

muscle layer of the uterus

my/o myom/o

muscle, muscle tumor

vagina

muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body

mammary papilla

nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection

nulli-

no, not, none

fibrocystic disease

numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast

OB

obstetrics

ovary

one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones

OCPs

oral contraceptive pills

clitoris

organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

chorion

outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta

ovari/o

ovul/o

dys-

painful

Pap test

papanicolaou smear- test for cervical or vaginal cancer

PID

pelvic inflammatory disease

perine/o

perineum

gestation

period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

puberty

point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

-cyesis

pregnancy

obstetr/o

pregnancy and childbirth

-gravida

pregnant

abruptio placentae

premature separation of the implanted placenta

PMS

premenstrual syndrome

primip

primipara; primiparous

CA 125

protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal values is 0 to 35)

pelvic ultrasonography

recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region

cul-de-sac

region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus

ovulation

release of the ovum from the ovary

conization

removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy)of the cervix

exenteration

removal of internal organs within a cavity

genitalia

reproductive organs; also called genitals

RDS

respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis

SLN biopsy or SNB

sentinel lymph node biopsy - blue dye or a radioisotope (or both) identifies the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics

coitus

sexual intercourse, copulation

Bartholin glands

small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to the outside of the body)

abortion (AB)

spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own

embryo

stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

zygote

stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks

gynecology

study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts

cesarean section

surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue

neonatology

that branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)

phor/o

to bear

TAH-BSO

total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

TRAM flap

trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap - for breast reconstruction

fertilization

union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops.

cryosurgery

use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue

UAE

uterine artery embolization

metr/o metri/o

uterus

uter/o

uterus

hyster/o

uterus/ womb

colp/o

vagina

vagin/o

vagina

VH

vaginal hysterectomy

placenta

vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy. It serves as a communication between maternal and fetal bloodstream

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)

colposcopy

visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope

episi/o

volva

vulv/o

vulva

aspiration

withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction

endo-

within

intra-

within

gynce/o

woman, female

para 2-0-1-2

womans reproductive history( 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children)

mammography

x-ray imaging of the breast

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material


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