Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System
preeclampsia
Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema, and headache
pregnancy
Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks
adnexa uteri
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
erythoblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
endometrium
Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
amnion
Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
hymen
Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
amniocentesis
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw fluid for chromosomal analysis
culdocentesis
Needle puncture to remove fluid from the cul-de-sac
fallopian tube
One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus
uterine serosa
Outermost layer surrounding the uterus
Path
Pathology
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)
fetus
Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks
lactiferous ducts
Tubes that carry milk within the breast
dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
meconium aspiration syndrome
abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stools) produced by a fetus or newborn
AUB
abnormal uterine bleeding
AB
abortion
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
parturition
act of giving birth
-version
act of turning
hyaline membrane disease
acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein (high levels of amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant)
amni/o
amnion
orifice
an opening
ASCUS
atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance- the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet to criteria for a specific lesion
retro-
backward
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
pre-
before
-arche
beginning
menarche
beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce
fibroids
benign tumors in the uterus
nat/i
birth
tubal ligation
blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
obstetrics
branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
BRCA1 BRCA2
breast cancer 1 and 2 - genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
BSE
breast self-examination
CIS
carcinoma in situ
CIN
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Cx
cervix
cervic/o
cervix, neck
C-section
cesarean section
CS
cesarean section
chori/o chorion/o
chorion
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
Down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
ovarian cysts
collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary
fetal monitoring
continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor
culd/o
cul-de-sac
areola
dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple
cauterization
destruction of tissue by burning
ovarian follicle
developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime
DES
diethylstilbestrol - an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated
D & C
dilatation (dilation) and curettage
-rrhea
discharge
DCIS
ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
o/o
egg
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization
corpus luteum
empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)
ECC
endocervical curettage
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones stimulate the ovaries
EMB
endometrial biopsy
endometriosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
EDC
estimated date of confinement
vulva
external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice
-salpinx
fallopian (uterine) tube
salping/o
fallopian tubes
gonad
female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis
FHR
fetal heart rate
fimbriae (singular: fimbria)
finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
primi-
first
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone- secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland
menopause
gradual ending of menstruation
G
gravida (pregnant)
GYN
gynecology
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn
uterus
hollow, pear shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. the upper portion in the fundus; middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like potion is the cervix
progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women
estrogen
hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics
luteinizing hormone (LH)
hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
hCG or HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
HPV
human papillomavirus
HSG
hysterosalpingography
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
placenta previa
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus
in-
in
perineum
in females, the area between the anus and the vagina
IVF
in vitro fertilization
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
IUD
intrauterine device; contraceptive
-tocia
labor, birth
LSH
laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
LAVH
laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
LMP
last menstrual period
labia
lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and the labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips
LEEP
loop electrocautery excision procedure
cervix
lower neck-like opening to the uterus
LH
luteinizing hormone
gamete
male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum
carcinoma of the cervix
malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer)
carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)
malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
ovarian carcinoma
malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)
choriocarcinoma
malignant tumor of the placenta
carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)
malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma)
multi-
many
ovum (plural: ova)
mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.
pelvimetry
measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
men/o
menses menstruation
Pap test
microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
galact/o
milk
lact/o
milk
menstruation
monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (latin mensis means month)
multiple gestation
more than one fetus inside the uterus
multip
multipara; multiparous
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus
my/o myom/o
muscle, muscle tumor
vagina
muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body
mammary papilla
nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection
nulli-
no, not, none
fibrocystic disease
numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast
OB
obstetrics
ovary
one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones
OCPs
oral contraceptive pills
clitoris
organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra
chorion
outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta
ovari/o
ovul/o
dys-
painful
Pap test
papanicolaou smear- test for cervical or vaginal cancer
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
perine/o
perineum
gestation
period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
puberty
point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
-cyesis
pregnancy
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
-gravida
pregnant
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the implanted placenta
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
primip
primipara; primiparous
CA 125
protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal values is 0 to 35)
pelvic ultrasonography
recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
cul-de-sac
region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus
ovulation
release of the ovum from the ovary
conization
removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy)of the cervix
exenteration
removal of internal organs within a cavity
genitalia
reproductive organs; also called genitals
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
SLN biopsy or SNB
sentinel lymph node biopsy - blue dye or a radioisotope (or both) identifies the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics
coitus
sexual intercourse, copulation
Bartholin glands
small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to the outside of the body)
abortion (AB)
spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own
embryo
stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks
zygote
stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks
gynecology
study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts
cesarean section
surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue
neonatology
that branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)
phor/o
to bear
TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
TRAM flap
trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap - for breast reconstruction
fertilization
union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops.
cryosurgery
use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
UAE
uterine artery embolization
metr/o metri/o
uterus
uter/o
uterus
hyster/o
uterus/ womb
colp/o
vagina
vagin/o
vagina
VH
vaginal hysterectomy
placenta
vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy. It serves as a communication between maternal and fetal bloodstream
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
episi/o
volva
vulv/o
vulva
aspiration
withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
endo-
within
intra-
within
gynce/o
woman, female
para 2-0-1-2
womans reproductive history( 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children)
mammography
x-ray imaging of the breast
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material