chapter 8 history
winning by a plurality of votes
candidates who reciece the most votes win even if they do not receive a majority of votes for the office
gender gap
exists in only between white men and women
Single issue parties MTP
free soil party breenback party
party competition
narrows voters' options to two, enabling diverse interests to act in unison
democratic and republican parties have multiple organizatin units
national state local
The strongest reform party in U.S. history was the
progressive party
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of ______.
third parties
multyparty system
three or more parties have the capacity to gain control of the government
t or f media changes the election outcome
true
Current election laws in the United States favor ______.
two party system
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
-Federalists -Democratic-Republicans
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer.)
-Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. -Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.
Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate has still done which of the following to help the third party succeed?
-drawn attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates -encouraged the major parties to address issues introduced by the third party
party realignments 3 basic elements
-emergence of unusually powerful and divisive issues -election in which voters shift their partisan voters -enduring change in the parties policies and coalitions
national party organizations
-power largely confined to setting organizational policy -run presidential nomination conventions -major campaign role is raising money
Which of the following are part of the money chase of politics?
-raising funds -pursuing wealthy patrons
Which of the following are roles that national political parties have?
-to raise money for presidential campaign -to seek media coverage of party positions and activities -to raise money for congressional campaigns
State parties are involved with which of the following activities?
-voter registration -election of U.S. senators
Which party benefited from the 1896 realignment, which was triggered by an economic depression following a banking crisis under President Grover Cleveland?
Republican Party
In politics, what do linkage institutions do?
They connect citizens with government.
Which two candidates for president lost in overwhelming landslides in part because they diverged too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum?
-George McGovern -Barry Goldwater
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
Which of the following voting blocs was largely notable for its migration to the Republican Party during the 1980s?
Southern whites
Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?
The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.
How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?
They viewed political parties with suspicion.
What is the term Darrell West uses to describes candidates' use of televised ads?
air wars
difference in elections in us
american campaigns are lengthy -months for congressional campaigns -more than a year for presidential comapaigns
Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______-centered campaigns.
candidate
State Party Organization
centrl committee; chairperson concentrate on statewide organizational efforts and races
party bosses lost their power to primary elections which give control of nominations to the voters
eh
True or false: The Internet has overtaken television as the principal medium of election politics.
false
party organizations
focus on the contesting of elections
party coalitions
groups and interests that support a party
packaging
highlighting aspects of candidates positions and background thought to be attractive to voters
Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?
ideological parties
median voter theorem
maximizing votes by appealing to the voter whose preferences are between two parties
hard money
money given directly to the candidate that can be used as he or she chooses (raised from parties, individuals, and interest groups)
A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.
multiparty
Local party organizations operate
only during campaign periods.
A state that permits all registered voters, regardless of party affiliation, to vote in a primary election has what type of primary system?
open
party and candidate centered
parties compete, but individual candidates devise strategies, choose issues, adn form campaign organizations
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a
party coalition.
ideological parties
populists late 1800 libertarian party and green party today
Which of the following ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?
presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates
Which of the following contributed to the decline of the old system of party organizations?
primary election
reform parties
progressive party early 1900s reform party late 1900s
A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party
realignment.
The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are ______.
relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others
linkage institutions
serving to connect citizens with government
Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.
straight ticket
split ticket voting
supporting candidates from both parties
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.
the condition of the economy
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the top-two finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.
top-two
True or false: The median voter theory helps to explain why a party may lose an election when it veers too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum.
true
The most important minor parties in the 20th century have been ______ parties.
two-party system
What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?
20%
Over ______ percent of presidential campaigns spending is for media.
59
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95 percent
The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the ______.
Populist Party
political party
an ongoing coalition of interests joined together in an effort to get its candidates for public office elected under a common label
Factional parties
bull moose part (1912) states rights party (1948) american independent party (1968)
grassroot s party (andrew jackson)
democrats reorganized open to local levels and open to all citizens
Hamilton's federalist party
focused on strengthening the federal government through national commerce
Third parties that break off from one of the two dominant parties are known as ______.
fractional
As compared to on television, ______ have greater control over the message on the Internet.
individual users
proportional representation system
legislative seats are allocated according to the party's share of the popular vote
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.
political parties
An election in which voters choose the party's nominees is called a ______ election.
primary
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.
retrospective
straight tcketing
supporting your own parties candidates
Who oversees the day-to-day operations of the political party's national organization?
the national chair
nominations
the selection of the individual whoe will run as the party's candidate
election game requires money and the money chase is relentless
true
t or f the two party system has endured since the civil war
true
Which of the following sum up the various functions of political consultants?
-advising on how to run a successful campaign -gathering voter opinions -production of promotional materials
Which of the following characteristics of political campaigns have undergone change? (Choose every correct answer.)
-amount of money required -length of the campaign -focus of the campaign
Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?
-Florida -nevada -North Carolina
realignments are rare, (when did they happen) 3
Civil war-republicans gained control 1896-republicans solidify control 1932-democrats gain control
Since 1968 the Republican Party has been weaker at the national level than it was in the decades after the Great Depression.
false
local party organization
first level of political parties; recruits candidates for lower-level elected office, registers voters and ensures they get to the polls on election day 95%of party activists work at this level
jeffersons' democratic-republican party
focused on small farmers and states rights advocates,policy differences split the party under monroe
The Republican Party has advocated for a
smaller government that performs fewer social welfare functions.
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
-They operate at the local level. -The are open to all citizens.
Which are the major political parties in the United States?
-Republican Party -Democratic Party
Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns? (Choose every correct answer.)
-They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions. -They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates.
Which of the following best describes the voting electorate after the expansion of voting rights during the era of Jacksonian democracy?
all white males