chapter 8 history

winning by a plurality of votes

candidates who reciece the most votes win even if they do not receive a majority of votes for the office

gender gap

exists in only between white men and women

Single issue parties MTP

free soil party breenback party

party competition

narrows voters' options to two, enabling diverse interests to act in unison

democratic and republican parties have multiple organizatin units

national state local

The strongest reform party in U.S. history was the

progressive party

America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of ______.

third parties

multyparty system

three or more parties have the capacity to gain control of the government

t or f media changes the election outcome

true

Current election laws in the United States favor ______.

two party system

Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?

-Federalists -Democratic-Republicans

Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

-Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. -Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.

Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate has still done which of the following to help the third party succeed?

-drawn attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates -encouraged the major parties to address issues introduced by the third party

party realignments 3 basic elements

-emergence of unusually powerful and divisive issues -election in which voters shift their partisan voters -enduring change in the parties policies and coalitions

national party organizations

-power largely confined to setting organizational policy -run presidential nomination conventions -major campaign role is raising money

Which of the following are part of the money chase of politics?

-raising funds -pursuing wealthy patrons

Which of the following are roles that national political parties have?

-to raise money for presidential campaign -to seek media coverage of party positions and activities -to raise money for congressional campaigns

State parties are involved with which of the following activities?

-voter registration -election of U.S. senators

Which party benefited from the 1896 realignment, which was triggered by an economic depression following a banking crisis under President Grover Cleveland?

Republican Party

In politics, what do linkage institutions do?

They connect citizens with government.

Which two candidates for president lost in overwhelming landslides in part because they diverged too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum?

-George McGovern -Barry Goldwater

What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?

One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.

Which of the following voting blocs was largely notable for its migration to the Republican Party during the 1980s?

Southern whites

Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?

The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.

How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?

They viewed political parties with suspicion.

What is the term Darrell West uses to describes candidates' use of televised ads?

air wars

difference in elections in us

american campaigns are lengthy -months for congressional campaigns -more than a year for presidential comapaigns

Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______-centered campaigns.

candidate

State Party Organization

centrl committee; chairperson concentrate on statewide organizational efforts and races

party bosses lost their power to primary elections which give control of nominations to the voters

eh

True or false: The Internet has overtaken television as the principal medium of election politics.

false

party organizations

focus on the contesting of elections

party coalitions

groups and interests that support a party

packaging

highlighting aspects of candidates positions and background thought to be attractive to voters

Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?

ideological parties

median voter theorem

maximizing votes by appealing to the voter whose preferences are between two parties

hard money

money given directly to the candidate that can be used as he or she chooses (raised from parties, individuals, and interest groups)

A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.

multiparty

Local party organizations operate

only during campaign periods.

A state that permits all registered voters, regardless of party affiliation, to vote in a primary election has what type of primary system?

open

party and candidate centered

parties compete, but individual candidates devise strategies, choose issues, adn form campaign organizations

The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a

party coalition.

ideological parties

populists late 1800 libertarian party and green party today

Which of the following ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?

presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates

Which of the following contributed to the decline of the old system of party organizations?

primary election

reform parties

progressive party early 1900s reform party late 1900s

A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party

realignment.

The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are ______.

relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others

linkage institutions

serving to connect citizens with government

Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.

straight ticket

split ticket voting

supporting candidates from both parties

The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.

the condition of the economy

Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the top-two finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.

top-two

True or false: The median voter theory helps to explain why a party may lose an election when it veers too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum.

true

The most important minor parties in the 20th century have been ______ parties.

two-party system

What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?

20%

Over ______ percent of presidential campaigns spending is for media.

59

What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?

95 percent

The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the ______.

Populist Party

political party

an ongoing coalition of interests joined together in an effort to get its candidates for public office elected under a common label

Factional parties

bull moose part (1912) states rights party (1948) american independent party (1968)

grassroot s party (andrew jackson)

democrats reorganized open to local levels and open to all citizens

Hamilton's federalist party

focused on strengthening the federal government through national commerce

Third parties that break off from one of the two dominant parties are known as ______.

fractional

As compared to on television, ______ have greater control over the message on the Internet.

individual users

proportional representation system

legislative seats are allocated according to the party's share of the popular vote

Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.

political parties

An election in which voters choose the party's nominees is called a ______ election.

primary

Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.

retrospective

straight tcketing

supporting your own parties candidates

Who oversees the day-to-day operations of the political party's national organization?

the national chair

nominations

the selection of the individual whoe will run as the party's candidate

election game requires money and the money chase is relentless

true

t or f the two party system has endured since the civil war

true

Which of the following sum up the various functions of political consultants?

-advising on how to run a successful campaign -gathering voter opinions -production of promotional materials

Which of the following characteristics of political campaigns have undergone change? (Choose every correct answer.)

-amount of money required -length of the campaign -focus of the campaign

Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?

-Florida -nevada -North Carolina

realignments are rare, (when did they happen) 3

Civil war-republicans gained control 1896-republicans solidify control 1932-democrats gain control

Since 1968 the Republican Party has been weaker at the national level than it was in the decades after the Great Depression.

false

local party organization

first level of political parties; recruits candidates for lower-level elected office, registers voters and ensures they get to the polls on election day 95%of party activists work at this level

jeffersons' democratic-republican party

focused on small farmers and states rights advocates,policy differences split the party under monroe

The Republican Party has advocated for a

smaller government that performs fewer social welfare functions.

Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?

-They operate at the local level. -The are open to all citizens.

Which are the major political parties in the United States?

-Republican Party -Democratic Party

Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns? (Choose every correct answer.)

-They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions. -They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates.

Which of the following best describes the voting electorate after the expansion of voting rights during the era of Jacksonian democracy?

all white males