Chapter 8: Nervous System

Which of the following are basic types of ion channels? (Select all that apply.)

Gated Leak

The group of structures in the brain involved with emotions and memory is the ______.

Limbic System

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS, are ______.

Schwann cells

Identify the stages of memory storage. Select all that apply.

Short-term memory Long-term memory Working memory

______ is not considered a function of the nervous system.

Stimulating bone growth

______ is when multiple local potentials combine their effects on a cell to produce a response.

Summation

The neurons of the parasympathetic division that secrete acetylcholine are ______.

both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

The autonomic nervous system innervates ______, and the somatic nervous system innervates ______.

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands; skeletal muscle

Ventricles are ______.

cavities in the brain

The nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system are located in the walls of the _____ tract.

digestive

The enteric nervous system (ENS) connects to the ______.

digestive tract

Spinal nerves are formed from ______.

dorsal and ventral roots

A brain wave is a measure of the _____ activity in the cells of the brain.

electrical

The primary motor area is found in the _____ lobe.

frontal

Where is the primary motor area found?

frontal lobe

The diencephalon is ______ to the corpus callosum.

inferior

cerebrum

largest part of the brain

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is referred to as a(n) _______ , and a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is referred to as a(n) ___________ .

nucleus or nuclei ganglion or ganglia

An involuntary response to a stimulus is called a _________ .

reflex

What areas of the cerebrum function to receive input from receptors, producing sensations?

sensory

The storage of memory can be divided into three stages: ________ , short-term, and long-term.

working

The three parts of the brainstem include the ______ , _______ , and ______ .

(1) the medulla oblongata (2) the pons (3) the midbrain

Indicate the correct order of meninges from superficial at the top to deep at the bottom.

1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid Mater 3. Pia Mater

How many meningeal layer(s) cover(s) the brain and spinal cord.

3

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Identify the three layers of meninges.

Arachnoid mater Dura mater Pia mater

Which of the following describes the relationship between the meninges, the ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid?

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ventricles and is reabsorbed within the meninges.

Identify all the locations for the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division.

Oculomotor nerve Facial nerve Vagus nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve S2-S4

Identify the parts of the brainstem. (Select all that apply.)

Pons Midbrain Medulla oblongata

Identify which region of the spinal cord houses the parasympathetic neurons.

S2-S4

The specific cells that are responsible for producing myelin in the PNS are the ________cells.

Schwann

brainstem

The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.

Identify the roles of the motor areas of the brain and spinal cord. Select all that apply.

Verbal and nonverbal communication Moving head, limbs, and trunk Maintaining posture

The neurons of the sympathetic division that secrete acetylcholine are ______.

all preganglionic neurons and some postganglionic neurons

In a synapse, the axon of one neuron interacts with ______.

another neuron

The type of pathways that transmit information through the spinal cord or brainstem from the periphery to the brain is ______.

ascending

A synapse can be a junction between the ______ of one neuron and a muscle, or gland.

axon

The ______ play(s) a role in organizing and coordinating motor movements and posture.

basal nuclei

EEG patterns that are wavelike patterns are known as ______.

brain waves

The cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the ____.

brainstem

The diencephalon is between the cerebrum and ______.

brainstem

What do the cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

brainstem

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the_____ nervous systems.

central and peripheral

The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the ______.

central nervous system

The area of the brain that is chiefly responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone and coordinating fine motor skills is the ______.

cerebellum

The ______ is the largest portion of the brain.

cerebrum

The four major parts of the brain are the brainstem, the diencephalon, the ____ , and the _____ .

cerebrum cerebellum

Nerves designated by Roman numerals and by names that indicate their primary functions and/or the general distribution of the their fibers are _______ nerves.

cranial

A ______ tract is a pathway of axons carrying information about movement from the higher brain areas to the brainstem or spinal cord.

descending

The spinal cord BEGINS at the level of this bony landmark within the occipital bone:

foramen magnum

Where does the spinal cord begin?

foramen magnum base of the skull

The statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter is ______

gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons

The cerebrum is the ______ part of the brain.

largest

Two basic types of ion channels are _____ and ______.

leak gated

In most people, which hemisphere is dominant for language-related functions?

left

The _____ cerebral hemisphere has control over the muscles in the right half of the body.

left

The ______ cerebral hemisphere has control over the muscles in the right half of the body.

left

The group of structures within the brain that are important in emotions and memory is called the ______ system.

limbic

The cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers are located in the ______. (Select all that apply.)

lumbar region of the spinal cord thoracic region of the spinal cord

Reflexes allow a person to react ______ quickly than is possible if conscious thought is involved.

more

Which area of the brain is responsible for maintaining the body's posture and balance?

motor areas

The nervous system directly controls ______.

muscles and glands

Neurons and glial cells are cells of the ______ system.

nervous

Central and peripheral are two major divisions of the ______.

nervous system

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells.

neuroglia

There are several types of nonneuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called _____.

neuroglia, glia, glial cells, or neuroglial cells

A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a(n)_______.

neuron

Another name for nerve cell is ______.

neuron

The phrase "rest-and-digest" is associated with the ______ nervous system.

parasympathetic

A descending tract is a(n) ______.

pathway that directly or indirectly affects the activities of lower motor neurons

Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to the ______ cerebral hemisphere.

right

Spinal nerves contain ______ axons.

sensory and motor

The function of areas of ______ the cerebrum is to interpret input from receptors, producing sensations.

sensory or association

Ascending spinal pathways transmit _______ information via action potentials.

sensory or sensation

Skeletal muscle is innervated by the ______ nervous system.

somatic

The division of the efferent nervous system that innervates skeletal muscle is the ______ or voluntary nervous system, and the division of the efferent nervous system that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands is the ________ or involuntary nervous system.

somatic autonomic

By definition, ______ occurs when multiple stimuli combine their effects on a cell to produce a response.

summation

The phrase "fight-or-flight" is associated with the ______ nervous system.

sympathetic

The spinal cord between the first thoracic and second lumbar regions is the location of the cell bodies of _______ preganglionic fibers.

sympathetic

The two components of the central nervous system are ______.

the brain and spinal cord

True or false: Basal nuclei play a role in the coordination of motor movements and posture.

true

True or false: The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone and coordinating fine motor skills.

true

True or false: The general types of cells that make up the nervous system are neurons and glial cells.

true

The cavities in the brain that store cerebrospinal fluid are the ______.

ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ______ and is reabsorbed within the ______.

ventricles; meninges