chapter 8 nutrition
people who eat little/no animal products should take a vitamin __________ supplement
B-12
the body is able to make vitamin ______________ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation
D
vitamin _______ is necessary for the metabolism of the mineral calcium and phosphorus and the production and maintenance of healthy bones
D
what are some signs and symptoms of a vitamin b-6 deficiency?
anemia, convulsions, dermatitis
vitamin e
antioxidant defense
what protects cells by giving up electrons to radicals
antioxidants
cells require vitamin ___________ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cell processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate
b-12
megaloblastic anemia can result from a deficiency of which vitamins
b-12, folate
what is the primary function of vitamin K?
blood clotting
folate
blood formation
Vitamin D
bone health
is the second leading cause of death in the United States
cancer
the condition that arises when one over consumes foods and/or supplements containing beta-carotene is called
carotenemia
the yellow-organs pigments in fruits and vegetables are called ___________
carotenoids
who is least at risk for developing vitamin A deficiency
children who like vegetables
by reading the nutrition facts panel, you can determine how much _________ are in most packaged foods
cholesterol, saturated fat, total fat, trans fat
in order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin called
choline
what is an ion or small molecule that regulates a chemical reaction
coenzyme
pantothenic acid is a component of
coenzyme A
which of the following is true about coenzymes
cofactor, regulates a chemical reaction
a fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue
collagen
which of the following are functions of vitamin c
collagen synthesis, immune system functioning
many american consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins
d, e, and choline
which dietary habits can result in a reduction of cancer risk?
drinking adequate fluids, increased intake of fruits and vegetables, eating a variety of nutritious foods
when should the consumption of vitamin A supplements be avoid?
during pregnancy
niacin participates in which of the following
energy metabolism
thiamin
energy metabolism
Cancer causation is a complex process. No single factor usual
environmental exposures, genetic makeup, lifestyle practices
true or false: scientific studies show that taking vitamin C is an effective way to prevent the common cold
false
which of the following are risk factors for cancer?
family history, using tobacco, aging
______________ - soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than _______________ - soluble vitamins
fat, water
what is a symptom of a riboflavin deficiency
fatigue
in the body, pantothenic acid is important
fatty acid production, energy metabolism
liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of
folate
which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 unavailable?
folate
which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin c in the body
fruits and vegetables
which of the following best describes how an antioxidant works
gives up electrons to radicals
infants whose skins have developed an orange or yellowing hue most likely have eaten a lot of baby food containing
green beans, winter squash, carrots
when consumed in high doses, vitamins often
have druglike effects in the body, cause unpleasant side effects
the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen is called
hemoglobin
what is the name of the protein in RBCs that transports oxygen
hemoglobin
which foods are sources of vitamin D
herring, milk, salmon
vitamin A
immune function
during infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs _____________
increases
presently there ________ much scientific information that supports claims that megadoses of vitamins can treat or prevent disease
is not
a vitamin A deficient person's epithelial cells produce too much of the protein _________, making their skin rough and bumpy
keratin
the american cancer society recommends you do the following to reduce cancer risk
maintain a healthy weight, limit alcohol consumption, become physically active
a disease has ________________ when cancer spreads to other tissues
metastasized
which foods are good sources of vitamin D
milk, salmon, herring
which statement about vitamins is most true
more is not always better
symptoms of osteomalacia include
muscle weakness, soft, weakness
spina bifida and anencephaly are both ___________ ___________ defects that can occur when a pregnant woman does not receive enough folate
neural tube
although not used currently as a medication, which vitamin was previously used to lower blood cholesterol levels
niacin
the situation that arises when retinol is unavailable and one becomes unable to see in dim light is called ________________ __________________
night blindness
appropriate treatment for scurvy
oranges and lemons
the adult form of rickets i called
osteomalacia
the "4 Ds," dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death are all signs of ________, a niacin deficiency disease
pellagra
people who lack intrinsic factor and thus cannot absorb Vitamin B-12 develop the disease called
pernicious anemia
the consumption of which foods can prevent or delay the development of certain cancers?
plant
what are some major food sources of vitamin B-12
poultry, meat, milk
when are the body's requirements for vitamins highest
pregnancy, adolescence, infancy
which of the following are signs of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
staggering gait, distorted thought processes, abnormal eye movements
because there is not a lot of vitamin D in our food, our bodies must get ______________ exposure in order to make vitamin D
sun
what are some signs of scurvy
swollen gums, bruised skin, loose teeth
an agent that causes birth defects is called a ____________
teratogen
the amount of sun exposure you need to make sufficient vitamin D depends on
the season, your skin color, your geographic location, the time of day
true or false: a symptom of a mild riboflavin deficiency is to become fatigued easily
true
why might a single nutrient have no effect on the treatment of chronic disease?
various factors influence the development and treatment of chronic diseases, complex disease do not have simple causes that can be treated with nutrients
collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?
vitamin C
plant oils such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing are rich food sources of:
vitamin E
shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?
vitamin b-12
since this vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little/no meat should take a ___________ supplement
vitamin b-12
the use of which vitamin supplement has been associated with an an increased risk of prostate cancer and hemorrhagic stroke
vitamin e
which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of
vitamin e and D
folate, vitamin b-12, and vitamin c are all examples of __________ - soluble vitamins
water
the B vitamins and vitamin C are __________ vitamins
water-soluble
rank in order the sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of vitamin b12
1. hydrochloric acid separates b-12 from animal protein 2. the stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3. b-12 binds to intrinsic factor 4. the IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart 5. b-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood
rank the sequence of steps involved in the role of vitamin A in the visual cycle
1. in the dark, retinal binds to opsin to from rhodopsin 2. light activates rhodopsin, causing it to change shape 3. activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision 4. retinal detaches from opsin
what roles does vitamin D play in the body?
production of bones, maintenance of bones, metabolism of calcium
what are the best ways to detect cancer in its early stages?
regular health check ups, various screening methods
which of the following are water-soluble vitamins?
riboflavin, vitamin b-6, niacin
___________ is a deficiency disease characterized by inadequate vitamin d levels. Children with this disease have bones that are soft and misshapen
rickets
the ________________ _____________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption
small intestine
where does vitamin c occur
small intestine