Chapter 8 Section 1

Habeas Corpus

- A right that was given in the Magna Carta. - This right says that you cannot be held in prison unless you are charged with a crime.

Due Process

- A type of legal process. - It is a right that means you cannot be arrested and imprisoned unless you are judged and found guilty by a jury of your peers.

Thomas Becket

- Arch Bishop of Canterbury - He opposed Henry II idea to be able to try church officials in his court. This enraged Henry and caused a long dispute. - Thomas was killed by a group of Henry's knights. Once he was killed he became a martyr and was eventually sainted.

Parliament

- Council of British people who make laws. - Was originally the Great Council. Parliament is a form of government in which multiple people vote on certain things to happen in the government. They can vote on war, taxes, laws and other reforms. There are two branches in parliament which are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

William of Normandy

- Duke who conquered England. - Also known as William the Conqueror. - In 1066 he crossed the English Channel attempting to conquer England with the support of the pope for his journey. William defeated England in the battle of Hastings and was eventually crowned king. Once he was ruling, he was granted fiefs to clergy and nobles in exchange for allegiance. He then created a census and used that to make the Domesday Book showing how much wealth the people possessed. Additionally, he created the exchequer which is similar to our treasury.

King John

- King of England 1199, son of Henry II. - Known as one of the worst kings in English history for three different acts. First, he lost parts of land in France including Normandy. Secondly, he disagreed with Pope Innocents selection for Archbishop of Canterbury. This lead to his excommunication and the interdict of England. Finally, he raised taxes and was forced to sign the Great Charter and the Magna Carta.

Henry II

- King of England in 1154 - He created a legal system called Common Law. Common law was created by court rulings and local customs. Henry sent out royal officials to enforce his laws. These laws were seen as more fair, so people supported this over church and feudal law.

Philip II

- King of France in 1180 -Phillip II paid the middle class people to work for him instead of the nobles so they would lose power. He also granted charters to middle class people to further diminish the power of nobles. Phillip increased the land of the French empire after defeating England and added some land south after The Albigensian Crusade.

Louis IX

- King of France in 1226, known as Saint Louis. - Was a great religious king of France. He devoted his life to justice, charity and chivalry. Louis ended serfdom and private wars during his rule. Additionally, he would also listen to legal cases in his kingdom and sent out royal officials to check local government. - Louis was named a saint.

Philip IV

- King of France in 1285 - Wanted to make more money by raising taxes on clergy. Pope Boniface disagreed and a war of words and actions started. Philip sent troops to capture Pope Boniface, once captured he was beaten and died shortly after. - The Avignon Papacy where the pope resided in Avignon rather than in Rome was result of the conflict between Philip IV and Pope Boniface.

Common Law

- Legal system based on court rulings and local customs. - Created by Henry II to be a fair form of law making. Royal officials were sent out to enforce these laws. The people supported these laws more than feudal and church laws.

Estates General

- The legislative body in France. - Created by the French in 1302. Was similar to parliament and made up by three different estates (clergy, nobility and commoners). - Did not have a Magna Carta to limit any of the power of the king.

Exchequer

-A medieval treasury. - William the Conqueror created to help with his new tax ideals. This would improve collection of taxes and fines from the common and noble people. It could also help with other financial obligations.

Domesday Book

-A record of everything someone owns in England - Created by William the Conqueror when he sent out a census. It was a written account of everything someone from England owned. William needed money to pay for his army so this made it easier to tax people on what they owned.

Albigensian

-Group of people in the Middle Ages who believed the church was corrupt - This group of people set out to destroy the church. They believed it was evil, corrupt and materialistic. They started a crusade against the church but was defeated by the French.

Hugh Capet

-King of France in 987 -He founded and became the first of the Capetian line of French rulers. Capet made the thrown hereditary and increased the amount of land he owned by making nobles fight for it. He created an bureaucracy that imposed and collected taxes.

Battle of Hastings

-Norman invasion of England - During the Battle of Hastings in 1066 King Harold II of England was defeated by Norman forces lead by William of Normandy.

Pope Innocent III

-Pope in 1198 - Was a pope who clashed with monarchs a lot. He excommunicated King John and stopped English priests from holding services with an interdict when he disagreed with his selection for the Arch Bishop of Canterbury.

Pope Boniface VIII

-Pope in 1294 - Famous because he disagreed with the French King Philip IV raising of taxes on clergy. - Started a war with King Philip IV and captured by the French and died in prison.

Magna Carta

-Royal charter signed by King John. -After King John tired to raise taxes, he was forced to sign this document that nobles have certain rights like habeas corpus and due process. The final thing on the Magna Carta was a law saying that kings cannot raise taxes without the permission of the great counsel.

Avignon, France

-The capital of the Catholic Church during the late 13th and all of the 14th century. - After Pope Boniface was captured, Philip IV moved the papacy to France. The papacy was then controlled by the French king.