Chapter 9-10
Most of the new state constitutions written between 1830 and 1860 had what major provisions?
Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population
For which primary reason did New York's state government fund construction of the Erie Canal in 1817?
New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes
From what source(s) did the U.S. Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s?
Tariffs on imported goods
Through what movement did evangelical reformers succeed in effecting substantial legal and cultural transformations in early 19th-century America?
Temperance
Conversely, in the early 1800s, British textile manufacturers had what advantage(s) over their American competitors?
A large pool of cheap labor
Which American principle played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Industrial Revolution?
American ingenuity
Andrew Jackson and his supporters won the election in 1828 in part by doing what?
Calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image.
Nativist fears were directed mostly at which groups in early and mid-19th-century America?
Irish immigrants
What arguments did President Jackson offer as a justification for destroying the Second Bank of the United States?
It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.
How did President Andrew Jackson Change the federal system of office holding?
Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure.
How can we best characterize Andrew Jackson's intentions toward Native Americans during his presidency?
Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.
"The South Carolina Exposition and Protest", written by John C. Calhoun, bore a similarity to the argument made by what other leading American thinker?
Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
In what important ways was Chief Justice Roger Taney different from his predecessor John Marshall?
Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights.
In the first half of the 19th century, American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to what?
More natural resources
How can we best characterize the patterns of immigration into the United States during the 1840s and 1850s?
Most of the Irish who arrived in the United States were poverty-stricken peasants
In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision was what?
Overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel in New York City
What aspect of early 19th-century American government had the founders condemned as contrary to republican ideals?
Political parties
What were the three key elements of Henry Clay's American system?
Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank
Roman Catholic immigration into the United States in the 1840s had what important effects?
Protestants' rejection of their new Catholic coworkers undercut trade tourism
On which issue was the Whig philosophy of the 1830s critically different from that of the Federalists in the 1790s?
Rule by an elite based on talent
By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used what means to run machinery?
Steam engines
What development(s) spurred the Panic of 1837?
The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.
What did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution specify should be done in an election like the election of 1824, in which no presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral votes?
The House of Representatives decides the outcome.
Briefly characterize the presidential campaign of 1840?
The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate.
Charles Grandison Finney found success as a young revivalist preacher in the 1820s by emphasizing what issue in his sermons?
The importance of personal conversion
In general, how can we characterize the American party system by the early 1840s?
The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.
What major Puritan idea became a middle-class conviction with a secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s?
The protestant work ethic
What significant invention(s) spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s?
The steel plow
What were some of the ways that wage workers strove to resist their bosses' efforts to control their non-work lives in the early to mid-19th century?
They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work
Why did several eastern states expand suffrage in the 1810s?
They wanted to discourage westward migration
Briefly describe the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s?
They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families
Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806?
To link mid western settlers to the seaboard states
What were the primary functions of the Second Bank of the United States?
To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin
In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832), John Marshall and the Court majority issued a decision that stated what?
Upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.
What were some of impacts of the rural outwork system of early manufacturing?
Workers' wages decreased