chapter 9

A chiropractor manipulates joints, specifically the vertebral joints, to correct subluxations. What is another way to state this?

A chiropractor puts pressure on specific points to correct partial dislocations.

Which of the following statements about the vertebral column is INCORRECT?

A herniated disc occurs when the anulus fibrosus breaks through the nucleus pulposus and protrudes into the vertebral canal.

Mike falls off his skateboard and sprains his ankle. Which of the following most likely occurs with this type of accident?

A ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged

Which of the following statements about these joints is INCORRECT?

All the bones of the skull articulate with one another only through synarthroses.

Which of the following statements about the elbow and knee is true?

Both the elbow and knee are hinge joints.

What type of joint is the knee?

It is a diarthrosis. It is a hinge joint. It is a synovial joint.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a diarthrosis?

It may be located between the bones of the cranium.

What is the trade off for joints with greater movement?

Joints with greater movement have less stability.

What is a synostosis?

None of the listed responses is correct.

Which of the following statements concerning knee injuries is FALSE?

One of the most rapidly healing knee injuries is a torn ligament.

Which of the following statements about synovial fluid is/are true?

Synovial fluid provides a medium for nutrient distribution in the joint. Synovial fluid contains proteoglycans. Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant within the joint.

Which of the following statements about the hip joint is INCORRECT?

The ligamentum teres tenses every time the hip joint experiences motion.

Surrounding the orbits of the skull are the four paranasal sinuses. What are these structures?

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled chambers lined with mucus-producing epithelium that open into the nasal cavities.

Which of the following is a NOT a likely explanation for the increased occurrence of hip fractures in the elderly?

The proximal epiphysis of the femur has a preponderance of spongy bone, which is weaker than compact bone.

Which of the following occurs as part of osteoarthritis?

There is increased friction. Cartilage breaks down. Cartilage develops shredded surface.

what is a diarthrosis?

a freely movable joint

Tom was experiencing pain, numbness, and weakness after he lifted a heavy box. Which of the following is the most likely injury that occurred?

a herniated intervertebral disc

What is a meniscus?

a pad of fibrocartilage within a synovial joint

A bursa is __________ that decreases friction within a synovial joint.

a sac of synovial fluid

An immovable joint is called __________.

a synarthrosis

What is a suture an example of?

a synarthrosis

A movement away from the midline of the body is called

abduction

What is the term for the movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body?

abduction

spreading your toes apart is

abduction

The calcaneus bone is the site of attachment of the calcaneal tendon. The calcaneal tendon is also known as the

achilles tendon

The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula at the

acromioclavicular joint

What is the function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the knee?

all are correct to limit anterior movement of the femur to limit posterior movement of the femur to maintain the alignment of femoral and tibial condyles

A slightly movable joint is a(n)

amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint is called __________.

an amphiarthrosis

A symphysis is an example of __________.

an amphiarthrosis

A syndesmosis is an example of __________.

an amphiarthrosis

The joint between the atlas and the occipital bone is an example of __________ joint.

an ellipsoid

Which of the following ligaments is not associated with the hip joint?

anterior cruciate ligament

Which structure of the intervertebral disc attaches to the bodies of adjacent vertebra?

anulus fibrosus

The clinical term for joint inflammation is

arthritis

Arthritis always involves damage to the ________ cartilages, but the specific cause can vary.

articular

Bones that participate in a synovial joint have ________ cartilage at the end of each bone.

articular

The location where two bones meet is called a joint or a(n)

articulation.

Which of the following athletes are at greatest risk of developing a rotator cuff injury?

baseball pitchers

Where are gliding joints located?

between the sternum and the clavicle between the facet of a rib and a thoracic vertebra articulation between the superior and inferior articulating surfaces of a vertebra All of the listed responses are correct.

Bursae are found in all of the following areas except

blood vessels

The surface of articular cartilage is

both slick and smooth.

rib pairs 8-10 are also called verge-

bronchondral ribs

The head of the radius articulates to the _________ of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna articulates with the _________ of the humerus.

capitulum/ trochlea

Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with ulna?

carpal bones

The radiocarpal joint is a(n) ________ joint.

condylar

A condition of abnormal muscle development that distorts bones in joints of the foot, making the foot appear club-like is called

congenital talipes equinovarus

A synovial joint is an example of a(n)

diarthrosis

The hip joint is a __________.

diarthrosis

A freely movable joint is a(n)

diarthrosis.

A ________ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position.

dislocation

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as

eversion

Which of the following movements is a good example of hyperextension?

extreme bending of the head backwards

rib pairs 8-12 are called

false ribs

The structures that assist the bursae in reducing friction between the patella and other tissues are the

fat pads

Usually found outside the capsule, ________ protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint.

fat pads

Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with the femur

fibula

The hip and shoulder are multiaxial joints that permit what types of movement?

flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, and rotation

Nodding your head "yes" is an example of

flexion and extension.

rib pairs 11-12 are called

floating ribs

Which of the following types of movement are permitted at a synovial joint?

gliding eversion retraction flexion

intervertebral articulations are

gliding joints that permit small movements

Monaxial joints are known as ________ joints.

hinge

The elbow joint is an example of a(n) ________ joint.

hinge

The __________ articulates with the __________ like a ball-and-socket.

humerus, scapula

You are standing in the anatomical position. You extend one leg behind you. What is that motion called?

hyperextension

Which one of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?

immobilization

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

increases osmotic pressure within joint

Which one of the following joints is INCORRECTLY linked with its components?

interphalangeal—metacarpal to phalanx

Abduction and adduction are movements that _________.

involve only the appendicular skeleton

Which 3 bones are fused together to form the pelvic bone?

ischium, ilium, pubis

An elderly woman enters the doctor's office to undergo a bone density scan to monitor the effects of a prescribed medication on her osteoporosis. She takes off her sweater and the nurse notices that her thoracic curvature is posteriorly exaggerated. What condition may the woman have that would exhibit this "humpback" appearance?

kyphosis

In some individuals, body fat accumulates almost exclusively in the belly region. Because of the enlarged belly, the individual has a swayback appearance. The clinical term for this distortion of the vertebral curvature is called __________.

lordosis

Which vertebrae have the thickest vertebral body?

lumbar

The correct term to identify a dislocated joint is __________.

luxation

During a particularly stressful point in her life, a student suddenly developed a disorder called temporomandibular joint syndrome. As a result she frequently experiences pain and grinds her teeth during sleep. Which two bone markings are directly involved in this disorder?

mandibular fossa and condylar process

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?

mechanical support

In a triaxial articulation,

movement can occur in all three axes.

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".

occipital bone and atlas

Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?

opening the mouth

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

opposition

Which of these joints is a synarthrosis?

parietal - parietal

Runner's knee results from improper tracking of the patella across the patellar surface. Which structure anchors the patella distally across the patellar surface?

patellar ligment

While skateboarding, a young person suffered a fracture of the nose that resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones or bone markings is most likely attended to during corrective surgery following this accident?

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

The opposite of dorsiflexion is __________.

plantar flexion

Ankle extension is also called

plantar flexion.

Which of the following joint movements is INCORRECTLY described?

plantar flexion—flexion of the ankle to elevate the sole of the foot

The opposite of supination is __________.

pronation

A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by

protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

Which of the following rib descriptions is FALSE?

rib pairs 1-8 are called vertebrosternal ribs

An example of a synchondrosis is the articulation of the

ribs with the sternum.

A pivot joint permits __________.

rotation only

The coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the ________ joint.

sacroiliac

The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb is an example of a __________.

saddle joint

The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________ joint.

shoulder

When you run your finger along a person's spine, what part of the vertebrae are you feeling?

spinous process

The movement of the forearm while twisting a doorknob is

supination and pronation.

A suture is an example of a(n)

synarthrosis

an immovable joint is

synarthrosis.

A ligamentous connection such as an antebrachial interosseous membrane is called a

syndesmosis.

Which of these joint types is INCORRECTLY described?

synovial—located only between bones of the skull

The highly mobile joint that allows you to chew and talk is called the

temporomandibular joint

Which of the following joints does NOT allow rotational movement?

the articulation at the sacro-iliac joint

Complete dislocation of the knee is rare because

the knee contains seven major ligaments.

Which of the following joints permits the greatest range of motion in the body?

the shoulder

The elbow joint is extremely stable because

the ulna and humerus interlock.

Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?

turning the hand palm upward

When standing in the anatomical position the

ulna is medial to to radius

your hand is pronated when

your palm faces backward