Chapter 9 Articulations...updated

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Articulation

(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if the articulation allows motion)

Flexion

C

Medial rotation

C

Two methods to classify joints are:

1. anatomical structure 2. function or range of motion

Syndesmosis (fibrous Joint)

2 bones bond together by ligament only; interosseus membrane -Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

Flexion

Decreases the angle between articulating bones. Ex: Bend the knee or elbow.

Planar Joint (synovial joint)

Have a flat or slightly curved part of one bone articulating with another flat or slightly curved portion of another bone. This allows for movement in one plane (side-to-side or back-and-forth) without movement around an axis. Ex: Intervertebral joints between articular facets, patellar-femoral joint, sternocostal joint 2-7

Ball-and-socket Joint (synovial joint)

Have the ball-shaped head of one bone fitting into a socket-like depression on another bone. These joints are multiaxial or are able to rotate as well as move in multiple directions. s a result, these joints allow for the most movement of any synovial joint. EX: Shoulder joint, Hip joint.

Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)

B

fibrous joints

Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue; no synovial cavity. EX: Sagittal suture

Extension

Increases the angle between articulating bones. Ex: Restoring head to normal anatomical position; returning palm to normal.

Saddle Joint (synovial joint)

Modified condyloid joints in which there are 2 "saddle shaped" articular surfaces rotated 90 degrees to one another. This allows for both an up-and-down motion and a side-to-side motion. EX: Caprometacarpal I Joint, Sternoclavicular joint

Hinge Joint (synovial joint)

Monoxial joints (move onlyin one plane) in which the convex surface of one bone slides over the concave surface of another bone. EX: Knee joint, elbow joint, interphalangeal joints, ankle joints

hip joint

ball and socket joint

A saddle joint permits _____ movement but prevents ____ movement a) rotational, gliding b) angular, gliding c) gliding, rotational d) angular, rotational

c) gliding, rotational

flexion

decreases the angle between articulating bones

5 examples of angular movement

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

extension

increases the angle between articulating bones

meniscus

is a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint.

extension of the wrist joint moves the hand...

posteriorly

depression

when a structure moves inferiorly

Pivot Joint

Uni-axial A rounded projection on one bone rotates back and forth in one direction inside a ring formed by another bone.

Hinge Joint

Uni-axial The rounded surface of one bone moves back and forth along one axis inside the rounded depression of another bone.

What is a sprain?

a ligament that is stretched to the point at which some of the collagen fibers are torn

bursae

a small, fluid-filled pocket in connective tissue forming where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues

inversion

a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole

eversion

a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole outward, extending the sole laterally

flexion of the wrist joint moves the hand....

anteriorly

flexion of the shoulder or hip joint moves the limbs....

anteriorly or out in front of you

monaxial

articulation that permits movement along only one axis

Abduction and adduction always refer to movement of the a) axial skeleton b) appendicular skeleton c) skull d) vertebral column

b) appendicular skeleton

Rotation of the forearm makes the palm face posteriorly is a) supination b) pronation c) proliferation d) projection

b) pronation

Shoulder

ball and socket joint

cartilaginous joints

bones held together by cartilage connective tissue; no synovial cavity. EX: Intervertebral joint (between the bodies of 2 vertebrae

the anterior articulation between the two pubic bones is a a) synchondrosis b) synostosis c) symphysis d) synarthrosis

c) symphysis

ligament

connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Articular Capsule

contains an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous capsule.

A synarthrosis located between the bones of the skull is a a) symphysis b) syndesmosis c) synchondrosis d) suture

d) suture

plantar flexion

extends the ankle joint and elevates the heel; stand on your tiptoe.

Symphysis (cartilaginous joint)

fibrocartilage makes up the connecting material, amphiarthrotic

dorsiflexion

flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole; digging in your heels

diarthosis

freely movable joint

diarthrosis

freely movable joint

ankle (tibia-talus)

hinge joint

elbow (humeroulnar)

hinge joint

knee joint (femur-tibia)

hinge joint

Synathrosis

immovable joint

synarthosis

immovable joint

triaxial

joint permits a combination of angular movement and rotation

retraction

move your body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane; pull chin in

abduction

movement away from the midline

opposition

movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm; "o" for oppositon

reposition

movement that returns the thumb and fingers from opposition

adduction

movement towards the midline

saddle joint - give movement and example of joint

movement: biaxial first carpometacarpal joint

condylar joint - give movement and example of joint

movement: biaxial radiocarpal joint

hinge joint - give movement and example of joint

movement: monaxial elbow joint

pivot joint - give movement and example of joint

movement: monaxial (rotation) atlanto-axial joint

gliding joint - give movement and example of joint

movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial calviculosternal joint

ball and socket joint - give movement and example of joint

movement: triaxial shoulder joint

protraction

moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane; stick your chin out

lateral flexion

occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side

elbow (radioulnar)

pivot joint

knee (femur-patella)

plane joint

ankle (intertarsal)

plane joints

extension of the shoulder or hip joint moves the limbs....

posteriorly

function of fat pads in joints

protect the articular cartilages and act as a packing material for the joint.

Synovial fluid - name 3 functions

secreted by the fibroblasts of the synovial membrane; fills the joint cavity. 1. Lubrication, 2. Nutrient distribution, 3. Shock absorption

amphiarthosis

slightly movable joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

tendon

strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

articular cartilage

the cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity.

hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

angular movement

the pencil changes its angle with the surface

elevation

when a structure moves superiorly

Abduction

A

Circumduction

A

Dorsiflexion

A

Eversion

A

Flexion

A

Hyperextension

A

Supination (radius and ulna are parallel)

A

Circumduction

A combination of flexion-extension and abduction-addction in succession, in which the distal end of a part of the body moves in a circle. Ex: Combined method of movement--moving arm around body like propeller blade.

Pivot Joint (synovial joint)

Allow the cylindrical or pointed surface of one bone to rotate within a ring formed partially of bone and partially by a ligament. Pivot joints are also monoaxial because the rotation occurs only around its own longitudinal axis. EX: Atlanoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint.

Adduction

B

Extension

B

Inversion

B

Lateral rotation

B

Plantarflexion

B

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface) Ex: Lift toe off floor.

Plantar Flexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface. (sole) Ex: Move foot in direction of toes down.

Saddle Joint

Bi-axial A concave depression of one bone fits inside a concave depression of another bone. The surfaces slide over each other along two different axes in two different directions.

Condyloid Joint

Bi-axial An oval shaped projection from one bone moves back and forth along two different axes inside an oval shaped depression of another bone. Circumduction is possible.

Extension

D

Rotation

D

Suture (fibrous joint)

Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites skull bones - Synarthrosis joint (immovable)

Gomphosis (fibrous joint)

Fibrous tissue between peg and socket Roots of teeth and sockets of jaw - Synarthrosis joint (immovable)

A synarthrosis that binds teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. Clue: periodontal ligament

Gomphosis

biaxial

If movement can occur along two axes, the articulation is biaxial

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)

Immoveable joint. United by rigid cartilage. (Epiphyseal plate)

Condyloid Joint (synovial joint)

In this case, the oval convex portion of one bone fits into the oval concave portion of another bone. Condyloid joints are biaxial joints, capable of moving in 2 directions. One often overlooked example of a condyloid joint is the atlanto-occipital joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles. EX: Atlanto-occipital joint, radiocarpal joint, metacarpal-phalangeal joints

Elevation

Lifting up a body part. Ex: shrugging one's shoulders.

Synovial Joints

Most complicated structures; bones are surrounded by an articular capsule defining the synovial cavity EX: Hip joint, antanto-axial joint

Depression

Opposite of elevation: replacement of body part after elevation.

Extension

C

Rotation

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, may be medial or lateral. Ex: Pivot joint; atlas pivoting.

Abduction

Movement of a bone away from the midline. Ex: Move the arms upward from the sides of the body (like a bird); move fingers apart.

Adduction

Movement of a bone toward the midline. Ex: Replace arms by sides. ("adding" your limbs to your trunk"; put fingers together.

Inversion

Movement of the foot so that the sole is turned inward.

Eversion

Movement of the foot so that the sole is turned outward.

Supination

Movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly.

Pronation

Movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly.

Ball and Socket Joint

Multi-axial A spherical projection from one bone moves along many axes inside a spherical depression of another bone.

Plane Joint

Non-axial The flat surface of one bone slides in many directions along the flat surface of another bone.

Connects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

Supraspinous ligament

A synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull

Suture

At a ____________, the articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage.

Symphysis

A rigid cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones

Synchondrosis

At a ___________, bones are connected by a ligament.

Syndesmosis

Diarthroses or ________ joints permit a wider range of motion than do other types of joints.

Synovial


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