Chapter 9 Articulations...updated
Articulation
(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if the articulation allows motion)
Flexion
C
Medial rotation
C
Two methods to classify joints are:
1. anatomical structure 2. function or range of motion
Syndesmosis (fibrous Joint)
2 bones bond together by ligament only; interosseus membrane -Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Flexion
Decreases the angle between articulating bones. Ex: Bend the knee or elbow.
Planar Joint (synovial joint)
Have a flat or slightly curved part of one bone articulating with another flat or slightly curved portion of another bone. This allows for movement in one plane (side-to-side or back-and-forth) without movement around an axis. Ex: Intervertebral joints between articular facets, patellar-femoral joint, sternocostal joint 2-7
Ball-and-socket Joint (synovial joint)
Have the ball-shaped head of one bone fitting into a socket-like depression on another bone. These joints are multiaxial or are able to rotate as well as move in multiple directions. s a result, these joints allow for the most movement of any synovial joint. EX: Shoulder joint, Hip joint.
Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)
B
fibrous joints
Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue; no synovial cavity. EX: Sagittal suture
Extension
Increases the angle between articulating bones. Ex: Restoring head to normal anatomical position; returning palm to normal.
Saddle Joint (synovial joint)
Modified condyloid joints in which there are 2 "saddle shaped" articular surfaces rotated 90 degrees to one another. This allows for both an up-and-down motion and a side-to-side motion. EX: Caprometacarpal I Joint, Sternoclavicular joint
Hinge Joint (synovial joint)
Monoxial joints (move onlyin one plane) in which the convex surface of one bone slides over the concave surface of another bone. EX: Knee joint, elbow joint, interphalangeal joints, ankle joints
hip joint
ball and socket joint
A saddle joint permits _____ movement but prevents ____ movement a) rotational, gliding b) angular, gliding c) gliding, rotational d) angular, rotational
c) gliding, rotational
flexion
decreases the angle between articulating bones
5 examples of angular movement
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
extension
increases the angle between articulating bones
meniscus
is a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint.
extension of the wrist joint moves the hand...
posteriorly
depression
when a structure moves inferiorly
Pivot Joint
Uni-axial A rounded projection on one bone rotates back and forth in one direction inside a ring formed by another bone.
Hinge Joint
Uni-axial The rounded surface of one bone moves back and forth along one axis inside the rounded depression of another bone.
What is a sprain?
a ligament that is stretched to the point at which some of the collagen fibers are torn
bursae
a small, fluid-filled pocket in connective tissue forming where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues
inversion
a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole
eversion
a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole outward, extending the sole laterally
flexion of the wrist joint moves the hand....
anteriorly
flexion of the shoulder or hip joint moves the limbs....
anteriorly or out in front of you
monaxial
articulation that permits movement along only one axis
Abduction and adduction always refer to movement of the a) axial skeleton b) appendicular skeleton c) skull d) vertebral column
b) appendicular skeleton
Rotation of the forearm makes the palm face posteriorly is a) supination b) pronation c) proliferation d) projection
b) pronation
Shoulder
ball and socket joint
cartilaginous joints
bones held together by cartilage connective tissue; no synovial cavity. EX: Intervertebral joint (between the bodies of 2 vertebrae
the anterior articulation between the two pubic bones is a a) synchondrosis b) synostosis c) symphysis d) synarthrosis
c) symphysis
ligament
connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Articular Capsule
contains an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous capsule.
A synarthrosis located between the bones of the skull is a a) symphysis b) syndesmosis c) synchondrosis d) suture
d) suture
plantar flexion
extends the ankle joint and elevates the heel; stand on your tiptoe.
Symphysis (cartilaginous joint)
fibrocartilage makes up the connecting material, amphiarthrotic
dorsiflexion
flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole; digging in your heels
diarthosis
freely movable joint
diarthrosis
freely movable joint
ankle (tibia-talus)
hinge joint
elbow (humeroulnar)
hinge joint
knee joint (femur-tibia)
hinge joint
Synathrosis
immovable joint
synarthosis
immovable joint
triaxial
joint permits a combination of angular movement and rotation
retraction
move your body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane; pull chin in
abduction
movement away from the midline
opposition
movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm; "o" for oppositon
reposition
movement that returns the thumb and fingers from opposition
adduction
movement towards the midline
saddle joint - give movement and example of joint
movement: biaxial first carpometacarpal joint
condylar joint - give movement and example of joint
movement: biaxial radiocarpal joint
hinge joint - give movement and example of joint
movement: monaxial elbow joint
pivot joint - give movement and example of joint
movement: monaxial (rotation) atlanto-axial joint
gliding joint - give movement and example of joint
movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial calviculosternal joint
ball and socket joint - give movement and example of joint
movement: triaxial shoulder joint
protraction
moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane; stick your chin out
lateral flexion
occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side
elbow (radioulnar)
pivot joint
knee (femur-patella)
plane joint
ankle (intertarsal)
plane joints
extension of the shoulder or hip joint moves the limbs....
posteriorly
function of fat pads in joints
protect the articular cartilages and act as a packing material for the joint.
Synovial fluid - name 3 functions
secreted by the fibroblasts of the synovial membrane; fills the joint cavity. 1. Lubrication, 2. Nutrient distribution, 3. Shock absorption
amphiarthosis
slightly movable joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
tendon
strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
articular cartilage
the cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity.
hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
angular movement
the pencil changes its angle with the surface
elevation
when a structure moves superiorly
Abduction
A
Circumduction
A
Dorsiflexion
A
Eversion
A
Flexion
A
Hyperextension
A
Supination (radius and ulna are parallel)
A
Circumduction
A combination of flexion-extension and abduction-addction in succession, in which the distal end of a part of the body moves in a circle. Ex: Combined method of movement--moving arm around body like propeller blade.
Pivot Joint (synovial joint)
Allow the cylindrical or pointed surface of one bone to rotate within a ring formed partially of bone and partially by a ligament. Pivot joints are also monoaxial because the rotation occurs only around its own longitudinal axis. EX: Atlanoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint.
Adduction
B
Extension
B
Inversion
B
Lateral rotation
B
Plantarflexion
B
Dorsiflexion
Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface) Ex: Lift toe off floor.
Plantar Flexion
Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface. (sole) Ex: Move foot in direction of toes down.
Saddle Joint
Bi-axial A concave depression of one bone fits inside a concave depression of another bone. The surfaces slide over each other along two different axes in two different directions.
Condyloid Joint
Bi-axial An oval shaped projection from one bone moves back and forth along two different axes inside an oval shaped depression of another bone. Circumduction is possible.
Extension
D
Rotation
D
Suture (fibrous joint)
Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites skull bones - Synarthrosis joint (immovable)
Gomphosis (fibrous joint)
Fibrous tissue between peg and socket Roots of teeth and sockets of jaw - Synarthrosis joint (immovable)
A synarthrosis that binds teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. Clue: periodontal ligament
Gomphosis
biaxial
If movement can occur along two axes, the articulation is biaxial
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)
Immoveable joint. United by rigid cartilage. (Epiphyseal plate)
Condyloid Joint (synovial joint)
In this case, the oval convex portion of one bone fits into the oval concave portion of another bone. Condyloid joints are biaxial joints, capable of moving in 2 directions. One often overlooked example of a condyloid joint is the atlanto-occipital joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles. EX: Atlanto-occipital joint, radiocarpal joint, metacarpal-phalangeal joints
Elevation
Lifting up a body part. Ex: shrugging one's shoulders.
Synovial Joints
Most complicated structures; bones are surrounded by an articular capsule defining the synovial cavity EX: Hip joint, antanto-axial joint
Depression
Opposite of elevation: replacement of body part after elevation.
Extension
C
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, may be medial or lateral. Ex: Pivot joint; atlas pivoting.
Abduction
Movement of a bone away from the midline. Ex: Move the arms upward from the sides of the body (like a bird); move fingers apart.
Adduction
Movement of a bone toward the midline. Ex: Replace arms by sides. ("adding" your limbs to your trunk"; put fingers together.
Inversion
Movement of the foot so that the sole is turned inward.
Eversion
Movement of the foot so that the sole is turned outward.
Supination
Movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly.
Pronation
Movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly.
Ball and Socket Joint
Multi-axial A spherical projection from one bone moves along many axes inside a spherical depression of another bone.
Plane Joint
Non-axial The flat surface of one bone slides in many directions along the flat surface of another bone.
Connects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
Supraspinous ligament
A synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull
Suture
At a ____________, the articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage.
Symphysis
A rigid cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones
Synchondrosis
At a ___________, bones are connected by a ligament.
Syndesmosis
Diarthroses or ________ joints permit a wider range of motion than do other types of joints.
Synovial
