module 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3
recognize visual objects
A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.
which neurons are active
According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.
contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.
relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ___
visual agnosia
An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.
V4
Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.
asymmetric curvature of eyes
Astigmatism refers to the ___
parvocellular
Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?
the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field
Blindsight refers to ____.
lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?
mirror-reversal
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's ____.
retinex
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.
recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting
Color constancy is the ability to ____.
V1
Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.
left eye
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.
reaching out to grasp an object
Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with ____.
motion perception
Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of ____.
the ability to describe the shape or size of an object
Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with ____.
rods and cones; bipolar cells
Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.
faces
Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to ____ than any other stationary displays.
recognizing different kinds of plants and animals
In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____.
sensitive to detail
In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.
retinal disparity
In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?
each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone
In foveal vision, ____.
bipolar cells
In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.
horizontal cells
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?
receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
as early as possible
Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____.
all-trans-retinal
Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.
may return to the primary visual cortex
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____.
brightness and color
Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____.
integrating vision with action
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.
integrating vision with action
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.
movement
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____.
bipolar cells that receive input from cones
Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.
the periphery; the fovea
Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.
recognizing faces
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____
retinal disparity
Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____.
magnocellular neurons in the periphery
The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.
thalamus
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.
every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.
long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment
The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.
blind spot
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.
have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field
The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.
ganglion cells
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
optic chiasm
The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the __
striate cortex
The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.
to area V2
The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.
dorsal stream
The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.
ventral stream
The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____.
We can recognize objects even at different orientations.
To what does "shape constancy" refer?
repeating stripes on a flag
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.
whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location
What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?
lateral inhibition
What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?
bar in a particular orientation
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
complex
What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?
trouble describing the shapes of objects
What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?
speed and direction of movement
When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.
to the lateral geniculate
Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?
complex
Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?
dressing themselves
Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?
It has the greatest perception of detail.
Which statement characterizes the fovea?
It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?
inferior temporal cortex
Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?
It has tightly packed receptors.
Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?
Photopigments
____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
Ganglion
____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.
Opsins; photopigments
____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of ligh
Feature detectors
____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.
thalamus; cortex
n the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.
point in space from which light strikes the receptor
the receptive field of a receptor is the ____.
