module 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3

recognize visual objects

A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.​

​which neurons are active

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.​

​contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.​

relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ___

​visual agnosia

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.​

​V4

Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.​

​asymmetric curvature of eyes

Astigmatism refers to the ___

parvocellular

Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?​

the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field

Blindsight refers to ____.

​lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?​

mirror-reversal

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's ____.​

​retinex

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.​

​recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

Color constancy is the ability to ____.

​V1

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.​

left eye

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.​

reaching out to grasp an object

Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with ____.​

motion perception

Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of ____.​

the ability to describe the shape or size of an object

Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with ____.​

rods and cones; bipolar cells

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.​

​faces

Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to ____ than any other stationary displays.​

​recognizing different kinds of plants and animals

In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____.​

​sensitive to detail

In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.​

retinal disparity

In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?​

​each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

In foveal vision, ____.​

​bipolar cells

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.​

​horizontal cells

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?​

receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?​

as early as possible

Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____.

​all-trans-retinal

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.

​may return to the primary visual cortex

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____.​

brightness and color

Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____.​

integrating vision with action

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.​

​integrating vision with action

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.​

​movement

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____.​

bipolar cells that receive input from cones

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.

​the periphery; the fovea

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.​

​recognizing faces

Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____

​retinal disparity

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____.​

magnocellular neurons in the periphery

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.​

thalamus

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.​

​every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.​

​long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.​

​blind spot

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.​

​have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.​

​ganglion cells

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?​

​optic chiasm

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the __

​striate cortex

The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.​

to area V2

The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.​

​dorsal stream

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.​

​ventral stream

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____.​

We can recognize objects even at different orientations.

To what does "shape constancy" refer?​

repeating stripes on a flag

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.​

​whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?​

lateral inhibition

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?​

bar in a particular orientation

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?​

​complex

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?​

​trouble describing the shapes of objects

What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?​

​speed and direction of movement

When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.​

to the lateral geniculate

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?​

complex

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?​

dressing themselves

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?​

​It has the greatest perception of detail.

Which statement characterizes the fovea?​

​It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.​

Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?​

​inferior temporal cortex

Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?​

​More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?​

​It has tightly packed receptors.

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?​

​Photopigments

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.​

Ganglion

____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.​

Opsins; photopigments

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of ligh

​Feature detectors

____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.​

thalamus; cortex

n the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.​

point in space from which light strikes the receptor

the receptive field of a receptor is the ____.​