Chapter 9 Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table

Write orbital diagrams for the valence electron and indicate the number of unpaired electrons: Kr

Kr [ || ] 4s, [ || ] [ || ] [ || ] 4p, 0 unpaired electron

Write full orbital diagrams and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for: Li

Li [ || ] 1s, [ | ] 2s, [ ] 2p

Name an element in the thrid row of the periodic table with: 2 3s electrons and no 3p electrons

Mg

Why do microwave ovens heat food but not the dish the food is on?

Microwaves can on,y heat things containing water, and therefore the food, which contains water, becomes hot, and the plate does not.

Write full orbital diagrams and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for: N

N [ || ] 1s, [ || ] 2s, [ || ] [ | ] [ | ] 2p

Write orbital diagrams for the valence electron and indicate the number of unpaired electrons: Na

Na [ | ] 3s, 1 unpaired electron

Choose an element with the larger elements: P or Pb

Pb

Arrange the elements in order from increasing ionization energy: Te,Pb,Cl,S, Sn

Pb<Sn<Te<S<Cl

Use the periodic table to identify the element with the electron configuration: [Kr]5s^1

Rb

Choose the element with the higher ionization energy: S or Sb

S

Name an element in the thrid row of the periodic table with: a total of 4 3p electrons

S

Arrange these elements in order of increasing metallic character: Fr,Sb,In,S,Ba,Se

S<Se<Sb<In<Ba<Fr

Choose an element with the larger elements: Si or N

Si

Choose the more metallic element from each pair: Sr or Sb

Sr

What is the Pauli exclusion principle and why is it important when writing electron configurations?

States that seperate orbitals may hold no more than 2 electrons, and when 2 electrons are present in a single orbital, they must have opposire spins. When writing electron configurations, the principle means that no box can have more than 2 arrows, and the arrows will point in opposite directions.

Explain the difference between a Bohr model orbit and a quantum-mechanical orbital.

The Bohe orbit describes the pathof an electron as an orbit or trajectory. A quantum-mechanical orbital describes the path of an electron using a probability map.

Describe the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom.

The Bohr model is a representation for the atom in which electrons travel around the nucleus in circular orbits with a fixed energy at specific, fixed distances from the nucleus.

Explain how the motion of an electron id different from the motion of a baseball. What is a probability map?

The e- has wave particle duality, which means th path of the electron is not predictable. The motion of a baseball is predicatable. A probability map shows a statistical, reproducible pattern of where the electron is located.

List the four possible subshells in the quantum-mechanical model, the number of orbitals in each subshell, and the max number of electrons that can be contained in each subshell.

The subshells are s (1 orbital that has a max of 2 electrons; p (3 orbitals that have a max of 6 electrons); d (5 orbitals with a max of 10 electrons); and f (7 orbitals that have a max of 14 electrons.)

Why should excess exposure to ultraviolet light be avoided?

Ultraviolet light contains enough energy to damage biological molecules, and excesive exposure increases the risk of skin cancer and cataracts.

What is white light and colored light?

White light contains a sepctrum of wavelengths and therefore a spectrum of color. Colored light is produced by a single wavelength and therefore is a single color.

How are X-rays used?

X-rays pass thorugh many substances that block visible light and are therefore used to image bones and organs.

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Ti

[ Ar ] 4s^2,3d^2

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Be

[ He ] 2s^2

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Sr

[ Kr ] 5s^2

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Y

[ Kr ] 5s^2,4d^1

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: In

[ Kr ] 5s^2,4d^10,5p^1

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Te

[ Kr ] 5s^2,4d^10,5p^4

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Zr

[ Kr ] 5s^2,4d^2

Use the periodic table to write electron configuration for: Al

[ Ne ] 3s^2,3p^1

Write electron configuration and use the symbol of the previous noble gas in brackets to represent core electrons: Ga

[Ar] 4s^2, 3d^10,4p^1

Write electron configuration and use the symbol of the previous noble gas in brackets to represent core electrons: As

[Ar] 4s^2,3d^10,4p^3

Write electron configuration for the transition metal: Fe

[Ar] 4s^2,3d^6

Write electron configuration for the transition metal: Cu

[Ar]4s^1,3d^10

Write electron configuration for the transition metal: Zn

[Ar]4s^2,3d^10

Write electron configuration and use the symbol of the previous noble gas in brackets to represent core electrons: Rb

[Kr] 5s^1

Write electron configuration and use the symbol of the previous noble gas in brackets to represent core electrons: Sn

[Kr]5s^2,4d^10,5p^2

Write electron configuration for the transition metal: Zr

[Kr]5s^2,4d^2

Within an electron configuration, what do symbols such as [Ne] and [Kr] represent?

[Ne] represents 1s^2,2s^2,2p^6 [Kr] represents 1s^2,2s^2,2p^6,3s^2,3p^6,4s^2,3d^10,4p^6

Choose the more metallic element from each pair: Cl or O

cannot tell

List the outer electron configuration for this column in the periodic table: 1A

ns^1

List the outer electron configuration for this column in the periodic table: 2A

ns^2

List the outer electron configuration for this column in the periodic table: 7A

ns^2,np^5

List the outer electron configuration for this column in the periodic table: 5A

ns^2,ns^p

Name an element in the thrid row of the periodic table with: 6 3p electrons

Ar

Choose the element with the higher ionization energy: As or Bi

As

Choose the more metallic element from each pair: S or As

As

Write full orbital diagrams and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for: B

B [ || ] 1s, [ || ] 2s, [ | ] 2p

Choose the more metallic element from each pair: As or Bi

Bi

When were the Bohr model and the quantum-mechanical model for the atom developed? What purpose do these models serve?

Both the bohr model and the quantum-mechanical model for the atom were developed in the early 1900's. These models serve to explain how electrons are arranged within the atomic structure and how the electrons affect the chemical and physical properties of each element.

Choose the element with the higher ionization energy: As or Br

Br

Write orbital diagrams for the valence electron and indicate the number of unpaired electrons: Br

Br [ || ] 4s, [ || ] [ || ] [ | ] 4p, 1 unpaired electron

Choose an element with the larger elements: C or F

C

Choose the element with the higher ionization energy: S or I

Cannot tell

Use the periodic table to identify the element with the electron configuration: [Ne]3s^2,3p^5

Cl

What is the relationship between the wavelength of light and the amounf of energy carried by its protons? How are wavelength abd frequency light related?

Energy carried per photon is greater for shorter wavelengths. Wavelengths and frequency are inversely related-the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency.

Arrange these elements in order of increasing atomic size: Ca,Rb,S,Si,Ge,F

F<S<Si<Ge<Ca<Rb

Use the periodic table to identify the element with the electron configuration: [Ar]4s^2,3d^6

Fe

Use the periodic table to identify the element with the electron configuration: [Ar]4s^2,3d^10,4p^1

Ga

Explain why Group 1 elements tend to form 1+ ions and Group 7 elements tend to form 1- ions.

Group 1 elements for 1+ ions because they lose one valence electron in the outer s shell to obtain a nible gas configuration. Group 7 elements forms 1- ions because they gain an electron to fill thier outer p orbital to obtain a noble gas configuration.

Write full orbital diagrams and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for: He

He [ || ] 1s, [ ] 2s

Choose an element with the larger elements: Al or In

In

Write orbital diagrams for the valence electron and indicate the number of unpaired electrons: In

In [ || ] 5s, [ | ] [ ] [ ] 5p, 1 unpaired electron

Name an element in the thrid row of the periodic table with: 3 valence electrons

Al

Write full electron configuration and indicate the valence electrons and core electrons: Cl

3s^2,3p^5

Write full electron configuration and indicate the valence electrons and core electrons: Ge

4s^2,4p^2

Write full electron configuration and indicate the valence electrons and core electrons: Kr

4s^2,4p^6

How many 2p electrons are in an atom of: P

5

Write full electron configuration and indicate the valence electrons and core electrons: Sr

5s^2

How many 2p electrons are in an atom of: F

6

How many valence electrons are in the element: O

6

How many valence electrons are in the element: S

6

How many valence electrons are in the element: Br

7

How many 2p electrons are in an atom of: N

3

How many valence electrons are in the element: Rb

1

Write full electron configuration for: Sr

1s^2,2p^2,2p^6,3s^2,3p^6,4s^2,3d^10,4p^6,5s^2

Write full electron configuration for: Li

1s^2,2s^1

Write full electron configuration for: Ge

1s^2,2s^2,2p^6,3s^2,3p^6,4s^2,3d^10,4p^2

Write full electron configuration for: Kr

1s^2,2s^2,2p^6,3s^2,3p^6,4s^2,3d^10,4p^6

How many 2p electrons are in an atom of: C

2