Chapter 9 History
In the election of 1828, incumbent John Quincy Adams followed the traditional approach of
"standing" for office. (Adams told his supporters, "If my country wants my services, she must ask for them." This reflected the attitude of an older political class that "stood" for office.)
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 allowed Americans to trade with every nation except
Britain and France. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 allowed Americans to trade with every nation except France and Britain.
Which Indian chief led Sauk and Fox people to violently resist Indian Removal in 1832 in the Wisconsin Territory?
Black Hawk (Chief Black Hawk led 1,000 warriors from the Sauk and Fox tribes against the U.S. army but was defeated at Bad Axe. In this devastating defeat for the Natives, many died, with the rest forced to move west.)
What did the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) have in common?
Both were U.S. victories that paved the way for the acquisition of new lands for Americans to settle. (Led by General Anthony Wayne and General Andrew Jackson, respectively, the battles were American victories that paved the way for greater land acquisitions for Americans moving westward. For example, following the defeat at Horseshoe Bend, the Creeks lost two-thirds of their land.)
How did James Monroe hope to resolve Indian problems on the frontier during his presidency?
By sending John Quincy Adams to Great Britain (Monroe hoped to use improved relations with Great Britain to resolve Indian problems on the frontier. Believing that hostile Indians would "lose their terror" once the British no longer encouraged them, he sent Adams to London to negotiate a peaceful coexistence in the West.)
What group of planters was especially hard hit by the panic of 1819?
Cotton planters (A cotton boom followed the War of 1812, and cotton planters borrowed heavily to bring more land under cultivation in places such as Alabama. When cotton prices collapsed in the panic, however, they were unable to repay their loans.)
Why was the United States ill prepared to fight a major war in 1812?
Cuts in federal spending and falling tax revenues had diminished military resources. Jefferson and Madison had reduced federal spending from the days of Federalist president John Adams and also failed to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States in 1811, which left the nation without a vital source of credit for military investments.
In his speech to William Henry Harrison, what do Tecumseh's objections to U.S. attempts to deal with Indian groups separately reveal about Indian relations with other Indians?
Divisions existed between Native groups in spite of the common opposition to the United States. (Tecumseh appears eager to bring Indians together in common resistance to the United States because Indian tribes had somewhat different priorities that the United States could exploit to turn Natives against other Natives.)
How did the economic characteristics of the nation's regions change in the nineteenth century following the War of 1812?
Each region became more specialized and more interdependent. (The nation's three regions in the early republic—the North, South, and West—became both more specialized in their economies and more dependent on each other. For example, the southern cotton boom fueled the growth of the northern textile industry.)
According to Tecumseh's speech to William Henry Harrison, what strategy has the United States pursued to gain an advantage over Natives?
Exploiting tensions among Natives to dilute their power "Tecumseh is aware that the United States stands to gain—and Indians as a whole to lose—from the United States negotiating with each tribe separately. He accuses Harrison of trying "to make them to war with each other."
What were the key features of Henry Clay's American System, which he developed in the 1810s?
Federal funding for transportation to help farmers and high tariffs to help manufacturers In the 1810s, for example, Democratic-Republican representative Henry Clay of Kentucky sketched out a plan called the American System, which combined federally funded internal improvements to aid farmers with federal tariffs to protect U.S. manufacturing. Challenge t
Why did James Madison veto much of the legislation funding federal transportation projects that Congress passed during his presidency?
He believed that they overreached federal constitutional authority. (Madison vetoed much of the legislation for federal transportation projects because he believed that this legislation overstepped even a loose interpretation of the Constitution.)
Why did President James Madison order territorial governor William Henry Harrison to attack Prophet Town?
He feared the growing power of the Shawnee brothers Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh. (Fearing the growing power of the Shawnee leaders, President Madison ordered Harrison to attack Prophet Town. The army defeated the Shawnees, and soldiers then burned Prophet Town to the ground.)
How did Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky forge a compromise to resolve the immediate issue of the admission of Missouri as a slave state?
He proposed the admission of Maine as a free state and of Missouri as a slave state. With the admission of one slave and one free state, the balance of power between North and South in the U.S. Senate could be maintained. Thereafter, Congress agreed that the southern border of Missouri—the thirty-sixth parallel—would serve as the boundary between slave and free states throughout the Louisiana Territory. Challenge this Question
Why did Southerners oppose the tariff of 1828?
Higher duties made the goods Southerners bought more expensive. (Higher duties on manufactured items meant that Southerners had to pay more for the goods they bought. At the same time, prices for staples like cotton and rice had still not fully recovered from the panic of 1819.)
In his broadside Maine Not to Be Coupled with the Missouri Question, what is Timothy Claimright's argument against the Missouri Compromise?
Involving Maine in slavery in any way is an insult to Maine's good people. The final line of the poem encapsulates its theme that Maine will have nothing to do with slavery: "To be coupled with slaves, she will never agree."
Though needing to increase his plantation's revenue, James Madison refused to sell slaves. While some Virginia planters made money selling slaves to other planters for the South, James Madison refused to break up slave families who had been in the state for decades. With only limited earnings from tobacco production, he and Dolley were forced to reduce their standard of living.
Irresponsible banking practices The panic of 1819 resulted primarily from irresponsible banking practices in the United States and was deepened by the declining overseas demand for American goods.
How did the War of 1812 change the United States?
It allowed the United States to gain greater control of western lands. (Since the British failed to act as advocates for their western allies, the war in practical terms resulted in greater U.S. control over vast expanses of land in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys that had been held by Indian nations.)
Why did the northern majority in the House of Representatives reject Missouri's admission as a state in 1819?
It opposed the legality of slavery in the Missouri Territory. (New York Congressman James Talmadge had proposed that the Missouri Territory be admitted as a state only if it banned further importation of slaves and passed a gradual emancipation law. When southern congressmen and whites in the territory defeated the proposal, the northern majority in the House of Representatives rejected Missouri's admission.)
Why did many Americans criticize the 1809 Non-Intercourse Act?
It still imposed government restrictions on trade rights. Although less restrictive than the Embargo Act, many Americans resented the federal government's continued interference in their trade via the Non-Intercourse Act.
How did the United States end up occupying the Oregon Territory jointly with Great Britain in the early nineteenth century?
John Quincy Adams negotiated the settlement in London. President Monroe had sent Adams to London to settle disputes with the British in the West in order to undermine Indian resistance there. Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory, which Congress ratified in 1818, was a result of these negotiations.
Why did veterans of the War of 1812 move to new lands west of the Appalachians?
Many received parcels of land there from the federal government. (The government rewarded veterans for their service with 160-acre parcels between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers.)
Why did New England Federalists adamantly oppose the war in 1812?
New England merchants feared the commercial disruptions that the war was sure to entail. New England Federalists adamantly opposed the declaration of war because they feared the commercial disruptions that the war entailed.
Which goal of the James Monroe administration did John Quincy Adams help implement through his diplomacy with Britain and Spain?
Securing U.S. claims to western lands (Following in his father's footsteps as a diplomat, John Quincy Adams negotiated with Britain to settle the U.S.-Canadian border and secure joint occupation of the Oregon Territory while negotiating with Spain to gain Florida.)
Which goal of the James Monroe administration did John Quincy Adams help implement through his diplomacy with Britain and Spain?
Securing U.S. claims to western lands Following in his father's footsteps as a diplomat, John Quincy Adams negotiated with Britain to settle the U.S.-Canadian border and secure joint occupation of the Oregon Territory while negotiating with Spain to gain Florida.
Why did the Democratic-Republican Party split prior to the election of 1828?
The 1824 election revealed deep antagonism within the party over the role of the federal government. (Already splintering in 1824, following the controversial election of John Quincy Adams, the party began to formally separate into two new parties—the Democrats and the National Republicans. The extent of federal power was an especially divisive issue.)
Why did New York City become the nation's premier seaport after the 1820s?
The Erie Canal linked western farmers to the Hudson River and thus to New York City. (The Erie Canal, stretching from the Great Lakes at Buffalo to the Hudson River, linked western farmers to New York City, making it the nation's premier seaport.)
What triggered the creation of a pan-Indian alliance in the Ohio River valley in the 1790s?
The Indians' defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers inspired their resistance. (In 1794 General Anthony Wayne had defeated a multi-tribe coalition under the leadership of Shawnees at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This victory inspired formation of a pan-Indian alliance under the leadership of Shawnee Prophet Tenskwatawa and his half-brother Tecumseh.)
What overland transportation route connected the United States with today's American Southwest in the early nineteenth century?
The Santa Fe Trail (The Santa Fe Trail was a critical route for commerce between the United States and Mexico, linking Missouri to Santa Fe in today's American Southwest.)
Why was it so easy for southeastern planters to expand the amount of land under cultivation following the War of 1812?
The U.S. government had added vast tracts of land to the country. (Indian land cessions and the acquisition of Florida from Spain meant that more land was available for southern planters to farm.)
In which regions was James Madison most popular during his reelection in 1812?
The West and South (Madison won most of the western and southern states, where the war was most popular, but was defeated in New England and New York, where Federalist opponents held sway. Challenge)
Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the debate over statehood for Missouri and Maine in 1819?
The debate made clear how quickly a disagreement over slavery could escalate. (Although the Missouri Compromise ended the crisis for the moment, it made clear how quickly a disagreement over slavery could escalate into clashes that threatened the survival of the nation.)
Why did American farm incomes plummet by roughly one-third in the late 1810s?
The demand for American food dropped sharply in Europe. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, agricultural production there surged, causing a drop in demand for American food exports.
Why did the United States require more banks after the 1810s?
The growth in trade required such commercial institutions. The growth in trade required expansion of commercial institutions such as banks, which forged economic links across the United States.
What mistake did John Quincy Adams make in opting to "stand" for election in 1828 rather than "run" for election?
The old ideal of campaigning no longer worked when few restrictions on white male suffrage remained. (In a world where elites voted more often than men without property, Adams's restrained campaign style made sense. But with property restrictions on voting mostly eliminated, candidates needed to appeal directly to common voters, and Adams's approach did not work.)
Why were far more voters actively engaged in popular politics at the state and local levels rather than nationally prior to the 1820s?
There was little serious political opposition at the national level. (Between 1788 and 1820, the U.S. presidency had been dominated either by Virginia elites or Democratic-Republicans. As a result, few people bothered to vote in presidential elections.)
Why did American advocates of western expansion call for war with Britain in 1812?
They were convinced that the British in Canada fueled Indian resistance in the West. Advocates of western expansion suspected that British officials in Canada fueled Indian resistance and thus called for a war that would end British intervention on the western frontier.
Why did Indian leaders agree to sell the United States three million acres of land in the Indiana Territory for only $7,600 in 1809?
They were deceived by the American negotiator. Territorial governor William Henry Harrison tricked several Indian leaders into signing the treaty, a move that outraged Tecumseh and convinced him to form a pan-Indian alliance to push back against the United States.
why was blank group known as Kitchen Cabinet
This group of advisers was an informal one. (The term suggested that this informal group of advisers met outside the official cabinet.)
Why were James and Dolley Madison forced to reduce their standard of living in the 1820s?
Though needing to increase his plantation's revenue, James Madison refused to sell slaves. While some Virginia planters made money selling slaves to other planters for the South, James Madison refused to break up slave families who had been in the state for decades. With only limited earnings from tobacco production, he and Dolley were forced to reduce their standard of living.
Why did the tariff of 1816 exclude most cheap English cotton cloth from the United States?
To allow New England textile manufacturers control of the domestic market (By excluding most cheap English cotton cloth from the United States, the tariff of 1816 allowed New England textile manufacturers to gain control of the domestic market.)
The majority of participants at the Hartford Convention in Connecticut in 1814 supported
amendments to the U.S. Constitution. (The majority of participants at the Hartford Convention supported amendments to the U.S. Constitution that would limit presidents to a single term and ensure that presidents were elected from diverse states, rather than just from Virginia, whose planters dominated the executive branch. Participants suggested other amendments as well.)
With the emergence of the American System in the 1810s, northern merchants became more deeply engaged in the southern
cotton trade. (Northern merchants purchased cotton in the South to deliver it to textile factory owners in New England, who then sold growing amounts of yarn, thread, and cloth back to the South.)
E. Didier's 1843 painting of an 1820 auction in Chatham Street, New York, depicts the suffering brought by
economic panic. (The painting is depicting the consequences of the panic of 1819, when widespread unemployment devastated New York. The painting was created during the next period of economic hard times, in the 1840s.)
Conservative political critics of Andrew Jackson observed at the time of the inauguration of Andrew Jackson that
it suggested the dangers of unruly behavior and mob rule. (Conservative political leaders drew comparisons between the French Revolution and the unruly behavior of the masses. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story feared "the reign of 'King Mob.'")
Extended trade routes, along with wartime disruptions of European imports in the early nineteenth century, fueled the expansion of U.S.
manufacturing. Extended trade routes, along with wartime disruptions of European imports, fueled the expansion of U.S. manufacturing.
Southerners opposed northern manufacturers' plans to stabilize the economy following the panic of 1819 because northern manufacturers
requested a tariff to protect their industry from competition. Northern manufacturers argued that the solution to their economic woes lay in a protective tariff, one that was so high it would force consumers to buy their goods rather than those made overseas. Southerners, however, objected because they would have to pay higher prices for manufactured goods, exacerbating their economic distress. Challenge this Question
In the 1810s, Cincinnati emerged as a center of commerce that connected
the South with the West. (Located across the Ohio River from Kentucky, Cincinnati emerged as a regional center of commerce for the delivery of western farm products to the South.)
The construction of the Erie Canal was funded by
the state of New York. New York State funded construction of the canal that linked the Hudson River (and therefore New York City) to Buffalo (and therefore Lake Erie), thereby reducing transportation costs all along the canal and into the Great Lakes region.