Chapter 9 Intro to Learning & Behavior
113. According to Stampfl, an important factor that underlies the development of _____ avoidance responses in phobias is _____. a. early; effort reduction b. late; effort reduction c. early; effort induction d. late; effort induction
A
124. Levis's answer to the problem that the "nonchalant" animal poses for the two-process theory of avoidance is that: a. the animal nevertheless feels a residual amount of fear. b. the animal's fear will gradually return after further conditioning trials. c. fear does not play a role in the maintenance of an avoidance response. d. the animal actually feels extreme fear even if it looks relaxed.
A
126. According to the Premack approach to punishment, a(n) _____ behavior can be used to punish a(n) _____ behavior. a. low probability; high probability b. high probability; low probability c. covert; overt d. overt; covert
A
127. Obsessions are to _____ as compulsions are to _____. a. thoughts; actions b. actions; dreams c. dreams; thoughts d. actions; thoughts
A
128. In general, _____ punishment is preferable to _____ punishment. a. negative; positive b. positive; negative c. extrinsic; positive d. extrinsic; intrinsic
A
132. In the research study on learned helplessness conducted by Seligman and Maier, dogs that were first exposed to the escapable-shock condition later learned to avoid shocks _____ than dogs that were first exposed to the inescapable-shock condition. a. more readily b. less readily c. no differently d. less cognitively
A
135. According to the Premack principle of punishment, which of the following constitutes a contingency of punishment for a teenage boy who likes watching television and dislikes doing chores? a. Watching television —> doing chores b. Doing chores —> watching television c. Too much of television d. Too little television
A
101. No longer getting food following a certain behavior is to _____ as withdrawal of food following a certain behavior is to _____. a. extinction; positive punishment b. extinction; negative punishment c. negative punishment; positive punishment d. positive punishment; negative punishment
B
103. Obsessions are characterized by _____. a. stereotyped actions b. persistent thoughts c. repetitive actions d. suicidal tendencies
B
108. In general, when we are confronted with an aversive situation, the development of avoidance behavior _____ the development of escape behavior. a. precedes b. follows c. occurs more quickly than d. is more certain than
B
114. Many symptoms associated with Masserman's experimental neurosis are similar to those found in _____ in humans. a. borderline personality disorder b. posttraumatic stress disorder c. depression d. bipolar disorder
B
116. In the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment, the dogs that made no effort to avoid shock were those that had been exposed to: a. extinction. b. inescapable shock. c. escapable shock. d. unpredictable shock.
B
130. The improvements in mood resulting from punishment is most likely to be due to: a. the release of innate appeasement gestures. b. the disruption of an ongoing state of agitation. c. increased attention to others. d. Both a and c are correct.
B
134. Shazia wishes to stop her five-year-old daughter from pulling the cat's tail. To do so most effectively, she should: a. start with a very mild reprimand and then gradually increase its severity. b. accompany a punishment with an explanation. c. leave the child alone when she sees her treating the cat well. d. wait for several hours before handing out a punishment.
B
9. Experimental avoidance typically requires at least a few pairings of the _____ and the US before avoidance has been reliably established. a. NS b. CS c. CR d. UR
B
90. According to Mineka, experimental avoidance in animals differs from phobic avoidance in humans in that: a. humans avoid the US but not the CS. b. only one conditioning trial is typically required to establish a phobia. c. phobic avoidance is never as consistent as experimental avoidance. d. All of these are correct.
B
95. Research on learned helplessness suggests that a useful means of treating some forms of _____ would be to arrange for the person to have repeated experiences with _____ at something. a. neurotic anxiety; succeeding b. depression; succeeding c. neurotic anxiety; failing d. depression; failing
B
98. Making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is an attempted _____ procedure, while turning off the television for being too noisy is an attempted _____ procedure. a. response cost; time-out b. time-out; response cost c. negative punishment; positive punishment d. positive punishment; negative punishment
B
99. One difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and a phobia is that a phobia typically involves a(n) _____ avoidance response, while obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a(n) _____ avoidance response. a. active; passive b. passive; active c. overt; covert d. overt
B
Allen, who was bullied as a child, feels anxious whenever he sees a gang of teenagers walking toward him. As a result, he usually crosses the street so that he does not have to walk past them. This example best illustrate a. Premack principle b. two-process theory of avoidance c. latent inhibition effect d. species-specific defense reaction theory
B
100. Roberto was severely chastised by Ms. Veneka for asking inappropriate questions in class. Problems arising from this include the possibility that Roberto may: a. avoid Ms. Veneka whenever possible. b. refuse to say anything in future classes. c. Both of these are correct. d. Neither of these are correct.
C
104. Constantly worrying about whether you locked the door as you left your apartment this morning is an example of a(n): a. phobia. b. compulsion. c. obsession. d. Both a and b are correct.
C
105. Robert has a bug phobia. According to the anxiety conservation hypothesis, his fear of bugs does not extinguish because any exposure to bugs: a. is negatively reinforced. b. is negatively punished. c. is too brief for extinction to take place. d. results in incubation of the fear response.
C
110. Punishing your dog for chewing the newspaper might only teach the dog: a. to avoid you. b. to not chew the paper when you are around. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
C
111. The _____ views punishment as the mirror opposite of reinforcement. a. avoidance theory of punishment b. conditioned suppression theory of punishment c. Premack approach to punishment d. All of these are correct.
C
112. Side effects of punishment can sometimes include: a. improvements in mood. b. enhanced social behavior. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
C
117. Unlike intermittent reinforcement, punishment has the strongest effect on behavior when it is a. suppressed. b. delayed. c. delivered continuously. d. delivered intermittently.
C
118. According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the act of avoidance is negatively reinforced by: a. a reduction in fear. b. an increase in feelings of relief. c. the lower rate of aversive stimulation with which it is associated. d. negative punishment followed by the escape response.
C
121. Evidence that shaping might sometimes be involved in the development of dissociative identity disorder (DID) includes the fact that as therapy progresses: a. alter personalities become integrated with each other b. the number of alter personalities displayed by patients usually decreases c. patients becomes more adept at switching from one alter to another d. alter personalities become more similar to one another
C
123. Ted lost his job after arguing with his boss. As a result, in his subsequent jobs, he never again argued with the boss. This is an example of: a. negative reinforcement. b. extinction. c. negative punishment. d. positive punishment.
C
125. Which of the following would be the typical sequence of stimuli in a shuttle avoidance procedure? a. The presentation of a shock is followed by the sound of a tone. b. The sound of a tone is followed by the offset of a shock. c. The sound of a tone is followed by the presentation of a shock. d. The offset of a shock is followed by the sound of a tone.
C
129. According to Stampfl, a critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior is: a. last minute avoidance of the aversive stimulus. b. cognitive avoidance of the appetitive stimulus. c. early avoidance of the aversive stimulus. d. negative contrast effects between safety and danger.
C
136. Obsessive-compulsive disorders often arise: a. following a traumatic encounter with the relevant event. b. as a direct result of classical conditioning. c. during times of stress. d. Both a and b are correct.
C
15. After injuring his knee while rollerblading, Jared spends the rest of his summer playing computer games and swimming so that he will not get another injury. This example fits best with the: a. Premack approach. b. drive theory of punishment. c. avoidance theory of punishment. d. conditioned suppression theory of punishment.
C
21. Janice has OCD. She is bothered by thoughts that she has left her apartment door unlocked. This thought pattern is best classified as: a. a negatively reinforced operant. b. a positively reinforced operant. c. a respondent. d. adjunctive behavior.
C
4. Which type of consequence serves to motivate escape behavior and avoidance behavior? a. Positive reinforcement b. Positive punishment c. Negative reinforcement d. Negative punishment
C
102. The two-process theory of avoidance is to _____ as the one-process theory is to _____. a. negative reinforcement; negative punishment b. negative punishment; negative reinforcement c. avoidance; escape d. less fear; less shock
D
106. Masserman's experimental neurosis procedure is to _____ as Seligman's learned helplessness procedure is to _____. a. predictability; unpredictability b. controllability; unpredictability c. uncontrollability; controllability d. unpredictability; uncontrollability
D
107. Punishment is most effective when it is: a. delayed. b. delivered with gradually increasing intensity. c. delivered intermittently rather than consistently. d. None of these are correct.
D
109. A rat has learned that if it presses a lever every 30 seconds, it can avoid receiving a shock. After many sessions, you notice the rat leisurely wandering about the chamber during the time period preceding each lever press. On the surface, this behavior seems to _____ Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance. a. provide strong support for b. provide at least moderate support for c. be irrelevant to d. contradict
D
115. Which of the following is a problem associated with using punishment? a. It does not directly strengthen more appropriate behavior. b. Strong emotional reactions may interfere with learning. c. The use of punishment is often strongly reinforced. d. All of these are correct.
D
119. In their theoretical account of learned helplessness, Seligman and Maier (1967) proposed that the dogs became helpless because they had learned that there is a(n) _____ contingency between their behavior and its outcomes. a. strong b. moderate c. inconsistent d. lack of
D
120. Which of the following is a problem associated with the use of punishment? a. The recipient may avoid the person who delivers the punishment. b. The recipient may become aggressive. c. The recipient may later use punishment to control others. d. All of these are correct.
D
122. Jessica whines for extra helpings when she is given dessert at the dinner table. In order to put an end to the whining, her mom decides to stop giving her extra dessert when she whines for it. Her mom is attempting to use a(n) _____ procedure. a. positive punishment b. time-out c. blocking d. extinction
D
131. Arthur owns a restaurant in a neighborhood controlled by organized crime. Local merchants often pay "protection" money to gang members in order to avoid risking their businesses. When a gang representative comes to Arthur's restaurant at the beginning of every month, Arthur hands over an envelope full of cash and has a pleasant conversation with the gang member. By Arthur's actions, it would appear as if he has no fear and yet continues to pay money to the gang. What would Levis (1989) suggest about Arthur's apparent nonchalance? a. If Arthur truly had no fear, he would not continue to pay money to the gang members. b. Arthur is less fearful as a result of experience. c. Arthur truly has no fear of the actions of the gang. d. Both a and b are correct.
D
133. Identify a true statement about punishment. a. Ideally, it should be intermittent in nature. b. It is most effective as its intensity gradually increases. c. It is the least effective when accompanied by an explanation. d. Ideally, it should be immediate rather than delayed.
D
94. In general, obsessions and compulsions have _____ effects on anxiety. a. weak b. similar c. opposite d. unpredictable
c
54. According to Levis (1989), seemingly nonchalant animals who continue to avoid the aversive stimulus are: a. truly relaxed. b. merely suppressing their fear. c. still experiencing a residual amount of fear. d. exhibiting an avoidance response that has now become a conditioned reflex.
C
47. In terms of the anxiety conservation hypothesis, exposure to the aversive stimulus is so minimal that the avoidance response is extremely resistant to _____. a. repression b. the escape response c. extinction d. the species-specific defense reaction
C
49. For a person who truly regards money as the root of all evil, accepting a bribe would likely function as a(n) _____ punisher. a. primary b. intrinsic c. generalized d. generalized primary
C
50. Having one's car towed away for parking in a no parking zone is most similar to the concept of _____. a. time-out b. negative reinforcement c. response cost d. None of these are correct.
C
38. Which procedure is especially likely to result in strong emotional responses such as crying or other displays of distress? a. Positive punishment b. Negative punishment c. Learned helplessness d. Experimental neurosis
A
41. Stampfl's procedure focuses on the fact that people with phobias typically make the _____ early in the chain of events leading up to the feared stimulus. a. avoidance response b. escape response c. appetitive response d. species-specific defense reaction
A
43. According to the Premack principle of punishment, which of the following constitutes a contingency of punishment for a person who is likely to watch TV and unlikely to clean the bathroom? a. Watching TV —> cleaning the bathroom b. Cleaning the bathroom —> watching TV c. Watching TV less than 30 minutes per day d. Cleaning the bathroom once a week
A
46. Prior to Stampfl's experiment, which critical factor in phobic behavior patterns was absent in most experimental avoidance procedures? a. The opportunity to make an early avoidance response b. The opportunity to make a late avoidance response c. Classical conditioning of a fear response d. Negative reinforcement of an avoidance response
A
62. For Janine, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, thoughts about possible germs on her body produce a(n): a. increase in anxiety. b. reflexive tendency to avoid showers. c. decrease in anxiety. d. feeling of intense pleasure.
A
65. According to the conditioned suppression theory of punishment, punishment does not weaken a behavior but instead: a. produces an emotional response that interferes with its occurrence. b. produces a strong suppression of emotions. c. results in strong inhibitory conditioning. d. weakens other similar behaviors.
A
7. An increase in social behavior resulting from punishment is most likely to be due to: a. the activation of an innate tendency in humans to become more sociable. b. the disruption of an ongoing state of agitation. c. the suppression of dangerous behavior along with sociable behavior. d. Both a and c are correct.
A
73. The use of punishment can be quite seductive in that it often results in a(n): a. immediate negative reinforcer. b. delayed negative reinforcer. c. immediate positive reinforcer. d. delayed positive reinforcer.
A
83. One difficulty with the two-process theory of avoidance is that: a. avoidance responses are difficult to extinguish. b. avoidance responses extinguish very quickly. c. escape responses are difficult to extinguish. d. escape responses extinguish very quickly.
A
89. Exposure and response prevention therapy for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder involves prolonged exposure to the anxiety-arousing event while _____ in the _____ behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety. a. not engaging; compulsive b. engaging; obsessive c. not engaging; obsessive d. engaging; compulsive
A
93. The first process in Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance involves: a. classical conditioning of a fear response to a CS. b. classical conditioning of an approach response to a CS. c. negative punishment resulting from the reduction of fear. d. negative reinforcement resulting from the reduction of fear.
A
96. In a shuttle avoidance procedure, an animal first learns to _____ the aversive stimulus and then learns to _____ it. a. escape; avoid b. avoid; escape c. escape; attack d. notice; avoid
A
97. The most important factor in punishing inappropriate behavior is to: a. positively reinforce appropriate behavior. b. negatively reinforce appropriate behavior. c. intermittently punish the inappropriate behavior. d. deliver a delayed rather than an immediate punishment.
A
37. Ideally, a time-out procedure should be: a. followed by the reinforcement of appropriate behavior. b. fairly long. c. combined with a response cost procedure. d. All of these are correct.
A
35. Which of the following is likely to be a task involved in an exposure and response prevention treatment for a cleaning compulsion? a. Going for days without a shower b. Staying away from garbage cans c. Constant cleaning to the point where it becomes aversive d. Both a and b are correct.
A
36. No longer getting a cookie is to _____ as removal of a cookie is to _____. a. extinction; negative punishment b. extinction; positive punishment c. positive punishment; negative punishment d. negative punishment; positive punishment
A
11. Which of the following treatment procedures is effective in the treatment of OCD? a. Exposure and response prevention b. Latent inhibition c. A DRO or DRI procedure d. A DRL procedure
A
13. Based on research conducted on the ways to overcome learned helplessness, a useful treatment for a student who has difficulty solving math problems would most likely be to: a. clearly inform the student whenever he is successful. b. flood him with unsolvable math problems. c. eliminate pressure by telling him that he is in fact poor at math. d. provide the student with a stimulant.
A
16. In the context of obsessions and compulsions, hand-washing is to thoughts about germs as _____ is to _____. a. a decrease in anxiety; an increase in anxiety b. an increase in anxiety; a decrease in anxiety c. covert conditioning; flooding d. flooding; desensitization
A
17. Research has shown that learned helplessness can sometimes be alleviated by providing a strong cue that signals the occurrence of a(n) _____ escape response. a. successful b. unsuccessful c. attempted d. vigorous
A
18. Primary punishers are also called _____, and secondary punishers are also called _____. a. unconditioned punishers; conditioned punishers b. generalized punishers; conditioned punishers c. unconditioned punishers; generalized punishers d. conditioned punishers; unconditioned punishers
A
19. According to the posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder (DID), an abused child can more easily cope with everyday life by usually forgetting about the abusive incidents and by pretending that the abuse is happening to someone else. In behavioral terms, this self-deception can be conceptualized as a type of covert: a. avoidance response. b. form of learned helplessness. c. attention-seeking device. d. appetitive response.
A
25. According to Masserman, unpredictable shocks delivered in a setting in which an animal typically eats food are especially likely to induce neurotic symptoms. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely to result in the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a. Being hit by a car while having a barbecue in your backyard b. Being hit by a car in an unfamiliar town c. Knowing that something bad will happen and that you are responsible for preventing it d. Knowing that something bad will happen and not being able to do anything about it
A
10. On a cognitive level, people with OCD generally fail to realize that: a. intrusive thoughts are uncommon and abnormal. b. some thoughts are essentially respondents that are automatically elicited by certain stimuli. c. obsessive thoughts are operants that require forceful elicitation by stimuli. d. they constantly avoid responsibility for their behavior.
B
14. Behaviorists have traditionally viewed multiple personalities as distinct patterns of behavior that result in response to: a. prolonged exposure to distinct yet extremely monotonous tasks. b. distinctly different contingencies of reinforcement. c. d. uncontrollable contingencies of reinforcement.
B
2. Which of the following is most likely to precede a continuous tendency to continually wash one's hands? a. Repressed memo b. A stressful divorce c. A puppy accidentally defecating on one's hands d. A sudden fright
B
20. Vanessa is highly likely to shop and very unlikely to do laundry. According to the Premack principle of punishment, which of the following would be a contingency of punishment for Vanessa? a. Doing laundry —> shopping b. Shopping —> doing laundry c. Not doing laundry —> no shopping allowed d. None of these are correct.
B
24. When Vinita fought with her friends over the toys they were playing with, her mother made her sit in the corner for a minute. Following this, the most important thing for Vinita's mother to do is to: a. impose intermittent time-out periods if Vinita continues to fight. b. strongly reward Vinita's behavior of playing cooperatively in future.. c. tell Vinita that she will be further punished if she misbehaves again d. gradually increase the level of punishment if she misbehaves.
B
27. The famous psychoanalyst, Alfred Adler, was sickly as a small child but worked hard and overcame his weaknesses. Research on _____ suggests that later in life, Adler would have been less vulnerable to depression than a child who had never overcome adversity in childhood. a. classical conditioning b. learned helplessness c. learned optimism d. experimental neurosis
B
29. Being punched in the face is a(n) _____, while getting a fine for speeding is a(n) _____. a. secondary punisher; intrinsic punisher b. primary punisher; secondary punisher c. extrinsic punisher; intrinsic punisher d. primary punisher; intrinsic punisher
B
30. In a shuttle avoidance procedure involving the stimuli of a tone and a shock, the _____ serves as the SD for the _____ response. a. shock; avoidance b. shock; escape c. tone; escape d. escape response; avoidance
B
34. In defense of the two-process theory of avoidance, it has been argued that: a. avoidance responses almost never extinguish. b. animals that continue to avoid a feared situation also continue to experience at least some fear of the CS. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
B
42. Punishment is generally more effective when it is: a. delivered intermittently rather than consistently. b. intense enough from the outset to suppress the target behavior. c. combined with negative reinforcement. d. delayed.
B
48. Solitary confinement in prison, to the extent that it is effective, is an extreme example of _____. a. response cost b. time-out c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
B
5. Nicole is taking a class that makes her very frustrated. She and her classmates say that they cannot get good grades no matter what they study or how they study. They argue that they are unable to answer questions in a way that satisfies their instructor. They feel like they have tried everything within their power to increase their grades but are getting nowhere. This situation best illustrates the concept of _____ and will likely urge the students to _____. a. experimental neurosis; work harder during class b. learned helplessness; stop trying to improve their grades c. escape learning; stop going to class d. shaping; gradually find a solution to the problem
B
53. A meteor hurtling out of the sky and destroying your house most closely aligns with the concept of: a. secondary punishment. b. noncontingent punishment. c. contingent punishment. d. extrinsic punishment.
B
6. Juan usually gets candy at the store. Juan screams for more candy in the check-out lane of the grocery store. In order to put an end to the screaming, his mom decides to not buy him candy when he is screaming. His mom is attempting to use a(n) _____ procedure. a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. negative reinforcement d. extinction
B
70. The second process in Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance involves _____ in the form of _____. a. negative punishment; fear induction b. negative reinforcement; fear reduction c. negative reinforcement; shock removal d. negative punishment; shock presentation
B
71. According to Skinner's conditioned suppression theory of punishment, punishment will typically have _____ on behavior. a. permanent effects b. temporary effects c. almost no effect d. unpredictable effects
B
75. Dan hates doing his taxes. As a result, when the tax deadline is approaching, Dan seems to do everything but his taxes. He cleans his apartment, washes his car, takes on extra shifts at work, and even volunteers to organize a block party. With which theory of punishment is his behavior most consistent? a. The Premack principle b. The avoidance theory of punishment c. The conditioned suppression theory of punishment d. Both a and b are correct.
B
77. Eating rotten food is an _____ event; getting a traffic fine for speeding is an _____ event. a. extrinsically punishing; intrinsically punishing b. intrinsically punishing; extrinsically punishing c. extrinsically punishing; extrinsically punishing d. intrinsically punishing; intrinsically punishing
B
82. Donna has a fear of wasps and refuses to go to the park in the summer when wasps are most numerous. Which critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior does this scenario illustrate? a. Classical conditioning b. Reducing the likelihood of encountering the CS c. Increasing the effort of avoiding the feared event d. Intermittent negative reinforcement
B
87. Both negative punishment and _____ involve the removal of reinforcers and result in a decrease in the strength of a behavior. a. repression b. extinction c. conditioned suppression d. experimental neurosis
B
31. Skinner's experiment utilized a relatively weak form of punishment: a device that slapped a rat on the paw when it attempted to press a lever. Subsequent research revealed that _____ forms of punishment are capable of suppressing behavior for _____ periods of time. a. weak; long b. time-out; short c. more intense; much longer d. less intense; much longer
C
44. Bob was struck by lightning one day in the park. Later, while recuperating in the hospital, he was suddenly assaulted by the patient in the next bed (who was having a psychotic reaction to all the drugs he had been given). After these incidents, Bob had trouble sleeping and often had nightmares. He also began avoiding both parks and hospitals and displayed an irrational fear of both places. Based on this information, Bob is likely to be suffering from: a. learned helplessness. b. multiple personality disorder. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. experimental neurosis.
C
56. According to the anxiety conservation hypothesis, avoidance responses persist because: a. avoidance occurs too quickly for the shock to be felt. b. escape occurs too quickly for the fear to extinguish. c. avoidance occurs too quickly for the fear to extinguish. d. escape occurs too quickly for the shock to be felt.
C
58. Exposure and response prevention therapy for OCD makes use of: a. flooding therapy. b. systematic desensitization. c. both flooding therapy and systematic desensitization. d. neither flooding therapy nor systematic desensitization.
C
60. For punishment to be maximally effective, it should be: a. intermittent. b. delayed. c. accompanied by an explanation. d. Both b and c are correct.
C
64. Lack of control seems to be the critical factor involved in _____, while lack of predictability is the critical factor involved in _____. a. conditioned suppression; conditioned avoidance b. conditioned avoidance; conditioned suppression c. learned helplessness; experimental neurosis d. experimental neurosis; learned helplessness
C
68. Rob is fined for driving over the speed limit. This is an example of _____. a. time-out b. extinction c. response cost d. repression
C
69. OCD was once considered a particularly difficult disorder to treat. This changed when clinicians began analyzing OCD in terms of _____. a. phobic conditioning b. experimental neurosis c. avoidance conditioning d. anxiety conservation
C
76. Tom yelled at his parrot when it started squawking in response to a noise in the hallway. As a result, it stopped squawking. According to the conditioned suppression theory of punishment, this is because: a. a high probability behavior has been followed by a low probability behavior. b. a low probability behavior has been followed by a high probability behavior. c. the parrot is so emotionally upset that it is no longer inclined to squawk. d. the connection between the noise in the hallway and squawking has been weakened.
C
79. The _____ of dissociative identity disorder (DID) suggests that the disorder arises as a consequence of avoidance learning, while the _____ of DID suggests that the disorder arises as a consequence of social reinforcement and observational learning. a. sociocognitive model; posttraumatic model b. punishment model; reinforcement model c. posttraumatic model; sociocognitive model d. Premack model; Masserman model
C
8. In a shuttle avoidance procedure involving the stimuli of a tone and a shock, the _____ serves as the SD for the _____ response. a. shock; avoidance b. tone; escape c. tone; avoidance d. avoidance response; escape
C
80. In the research study on learned helplessness conducted by Seligman and Maier, dogs in the escapable-shock condition _____ dogs in the inescapable-shock condition. a. received fewer shocks than b. received more shocks than c. received the same amount of shock as d. received less predictable shocks than
C
81. Joanne's favorite hat was taken away from her by her parents because she was being disobedient. As a result, she was never again disobedient to her parents. This scenario is an example of a. positive punishment. b. time-out. c. response cost. d. negative reinforcement.
C
84. In the context of the _____ theory of punishment, a significant aspect involved in punishment is negative _____. a. avoidance; punishment b. Premack; punishment c. avoidance; reinforcement d. Premack; reinforcement
C
85. When the frequency of a behavior declines because performing the behavior no longer leads to something, the process involved is called a. negative punishment. b. positive punishment. c. extinction. d. negative reinforcement.
C
91. When Larry went swimming in the mountain lake, he almost froze to death and never again tried it. This is an example of _____ punishment. a. secondary b. generalized secondary c. intrinsic d. extrinsic
C
1. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, compulsions are characterized by _____. a. persistent thoughts b. images c. impulses d. stereotyped actions
D
12. The symptoms of experimental neurosis that Masserman discovered included: a. normally active cats becoming agitated. b. normally quiet cats remaining passive and withdrawn. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
D
22. The second process in Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance involves: a. classical conditioning of a fear response. b. classical conditioning of an approach response. c. negative punishment resulting from the reduction of fear. d. negative reinforcement resulting from the reduction of fear.
D
26. The development of OCD may result from the process of: a. US revaluation. b. occasion setting. c. sensory preconditioning. d. selective sensitization.
D
28. According to Mineka, phobias in humans and experimental avoidance in rats differ in that: a. rats avoid the CS. b. experimental avoidance requires a single, brief conditioning trail to produce avoidance that is strong. c. human phobias typically require several conditioning trials to produce avoidance that is persistent. d. None of these are correct.
D
3. The term _____ refers to a decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events. a. experimental neurosis b. learned optimism c. posttraumatic stress disorder d. learned helplessness
D
32. After being bitten by the neighbors' dog while trying to pick apples from their apple tree, Midori became so fearful that she lost interest in the apples. This example fits best with the _____. a. approach-avoidance conflict b. Premack principle c. avoidance theory of punishment d. conditioned suppression theory of punishment
D
33. According to the _____ theory of punishment, the underlying process in punishment is actually _____. a. avoidance; positive reinforcement b. conditioned suppression; negative reinforcement c. conditioned suppression; the Premack principle d. avoidance; negative reinforcement
D
39. You live on a desert island and there is a hurricane coming. After refusing to ride on the hurricane evacuation boat, being stranded on a desert island is most similar to: a. negative punishment. b. response cost. c. time-out. d. Both a and c are correct.
D
40. The attractive aspect of the _____ is that it does away with any reference to an internal state of fear, the existence of which has to be inferred. a. two-process theory of avoidance b. latent inhibition effect c. anxiety conservation hypothesis d. one-process theory of avoidance
D
45. The symptoms of experimental neurosis that Masserman discovered included: a. normally quiet cats becoming agitated. b. normally active cats becoming passive and withdrawn. c. counterphobic responses to cues associated with feeding. d. All of these are correct.
D
51. A problem with the use of punishment is that the punishment is typically: a. delayed. b. intermittent. c. intense enough to suppress the target behavior. d. Both a and b are correct.
D
52. Masserman was able to induce neurotic symptoms in cats by exposing them to: a. unpredictable, controllable presentations of food. b. uncontrollable, predictable presentations of food. c. controllable presentations of aversive stimuli. d. unpredictable presentations of aversive stimuli.
D
55. Which of the following behaviors is likely to occur after Sammy is yelled at for throwing his food? a. He will become more sociable. b. He will be in a better mood than he was prior to the scolding. c. He will pay attention to those around him. d. All of these can result from Sammy being scolded.
D
57. According to research conducted by Stampfl, a critical factor that helps to maintain people's wasp phobias is that: a. they run away whenever a wasp draws close to them. b. they are intermittently exposed to a wasp. c. they are intermittently stung by a wasp. d. they plan events such that they almost never encounter a wasp.
D
59. Andrea works in a home for adults with behavioral and mental disorders. There is a "marble system" that is used to reinforce and punish the behavior of the residents. Green marbles are given for good behavior; red marbles are given for problem behavior and are associated with various consequences. The residents do not like to get red marbles. In this scenario, the red marbles are examples a. secondary punishers b. extrinsic punishers c. generalized punishers d. All of these are correct.
D
61. Although Hau was bitten only once by a dog many years ago, he nevertheless persistently stays away from dogs. According to the anxiety conservation hypothesis, Hau's fear of dogs does not extinguish because: a. his escape response does not tell him that his fear of dogs is merely psychological. b. others are to blame for his displays of anxiety. c. his low self-esteem serves to conserve and heighten his anxiety. d. his avoidance response to dogs occurs so quickly that his fear does not have time to extinguish.
D
63. In the context of OCD, which of the following is incongruent with the two-process theory of avoidance? a. Patients display late rather than early avoidance. b. Patients display early rather than later avoidance. c. OCD is usually initiated by a clear instance of classical conditioning. d. Patients usually cannot recall a particular conditioning event that led to the obsession.
D
66. For Salima, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, checking the apartment door to make sure it is locked results in a(n) _____ in feelings of _____. a. decrease; pleasure b. increase; competence c. increase; anxiety d. decrease; anxiety
D
67. Rita is an elementary school student who is often cruelly teased by a classmate. The teachers ignore her pleas for help as do her other classmates. Seligman would predict that, as time passes, Rita is likely to _____ her efforts to stop the teasing. In other words, she will exhibit _____. a. increase; experimental neurosis .b. increase; learned helplessness c. decrease; experimental neurosis d. decrease; learned helplessness
D
72. For punishment to be maximally effective, it should be: a. consistent. b. immediate. c. intense enough to stop the behavior. d. All of these are correct.
D
74. Jorge was given an extra homework assignment after making faces at a teacher one day. He never again made faces at the teacher. This scenario is an example of a. avoidance conditioning. b. extinction. c. negative punishment. d. positive punishment.
D
78. _____ is the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a problem behavior. a. Positive reinforcement b. Positive punishment c. Time-out d. Response cost
D
86. According to the two-process theory of avoidance, the first step in the development of an avoidance response is the creation of a(n): a. intermittently reinforced escape response. b. classically conditioned escape response. c. intermittently reinforced fear response. d. classically conditioned fear response.
D
88. Marla was severely chastised as a result of behaving in an aggressive manner toward her classmates. Which of the following is likely to result from this event? a. Anger b. Improvements in mood c. Improvements in social behavior d. All of these are correct.
D
92. Tom yells at his parrot whenever it squawks because the squawking bothers the neighbors in the next apartment. Why is this procedure less than ideal? a. The parrot could become very passive. b. The parrot might still squawk when Tom is not home. c. The parrot might become fearful of Tom. d. All of these are correct.
D
