Chapter 9: Language and Thought; Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
incentive value
-Success at the task has to be important to you -The more difficult the task and the lower the odds of succeeding at it, the more meaningful and satisfying it'll be if you do succeed
category
A concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common
achievement motivation
A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles
availability heuristic
A device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness
concept
A mental grouping of objects, events, or people
Alex is on the hockey team. According to research by Yerkes and Dodson (1908), in which of the following games would Alex perform best?
A midseason game against an equally skilled team, with several fans present
scientific thinking
A process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories
expressive suppression
A response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion. (physically biting your lip to keep from yelling at someone for always being late)
basic emotions
A set of emotions that are common to all humans; they include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
glucose
A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain
Duchenne smile
A smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye
subjective well-being
A state consisting of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect
representativeness heuristic
A strategy used to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event
mental representation
A structure in the mind-such as an idea or image- that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present
visual imagery
A visual representation created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present
facial action coding system (FACS)
A widely used method for measuring all the observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face
In their experiment on casual sex, Clark and Hatfield (1989) findings included all except:
About 10% of women agreed to have sex with a stranger.
sexual behavior
Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm
moods
Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions
concept hierarchy
An arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific
reappraisal
An emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results (seeing an exam as a chance to show what you know instead of as a chance to fail)
conjunction fallacy
An error in logic that occurs when people say that the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone
anorexia nervosa
An extreme fear about being overweight that leads to a severe restriction of food intake
expectation of success
An individual's evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task
incentive
Any external object or event that motivates behavior
Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?
Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub, so Bill will only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous.
emotions
Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation
______ is the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive.
Cognitive psychology
universal
Common to all human beings and seen, in cultures all over the world
parallel distributive processing
Concepts are activated based on how strongly associated or connected they are to eachother
neurocultural theory of emotion
Elkman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived
antecedent events
Emotions emerge in response to situations we encounter in the world or in our thoughts
perceived organizational support
Employees' beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being
Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating?
Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidence
Aspects of emotion similar in all humans
Facial expressions and physiological changes
broaden-and-build model
Frederickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of an incentive?
Greg wants to win the election so he puts a lot of energy into his campaign.
needs
Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives
How is the autonomic nervous system involved in an emotional experience?
It activates the bodily processes involved in an emotional response.
Which theory states that it is our perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that creates the subjective emotional experience?
James-Lange theory of emotion
causal inferences
Judgements about the causation of one thing by another
display rules
Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them
heuristics
Mental shortcuts, methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements
extrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises. Get people to do things they wouldn't normally do or don't like to do. (Allowances to child for cleaning their room and doing dishes)
intrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy
______ encompasses the forces that move us to behave or think the way we do, whereas ______ are responses to meaningful events in our lives—often threats or benefits to our well-being.
Motivation; emotions
life satisfaction
Our overall evaluation of our lives; an aspect of subjective well-being
bulimia nervosa
Prone to binge eating and feeling a lack of control during the eating session
Ellen's best friend won the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42. Now, Ellen buys a lottery ticket every day choosing these same numbers, because she is convinced that she too will win. What error in judgment is Ellen making?
Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act so as to increase our beliefs they will happen again even when they don't.
deductive reasoning
Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions
inductive reasoning
Reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence
facial feedback hypothesis
Sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience
emotion process
Shows how the components of emotion emerge
interpersonal
Smiles can also be used for ___________ reasons
Tom is an alcoholic. His psychologist says that he began drinking at age 13 because his parents spent a lot of time at work, and he started hanging out with friends who drank. He began to build an identity that was based upon his ability to party and consume excessive amounts of alcohol. In college, he found a ready-made group of friends in a fraternity who loved to down kegs full of beer. Tom's drinking gave him a community of friends who accepted him, even when he felt uncared for by his parents. Which approach best characterizes this psychologist's interpretation of Tom's addiction?
Sociocultural
affective traits
Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses
Need for achievement is a(n):
Stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.
anterior cingulate cortex
The _______ _______ __________ is active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences and in the pain experiences with social exclusion or rejection
hypothalamus
The ________ appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions
autonomic
The ________ nervous system controls involuntary systems of the body, such as internal organs and glands
amygdala
The __________ is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal fo the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear
insula
The ___________ is the brain structure most involved in interception and plays an important role during the experience of pain and empathy for another's pain
prefrontal cortex
The ____________ ______________, the large area at the front of the brain plays an important role in the cognitive appraisal and reappraisal of emotion, and more specifically, in depression
emotional intelligence
The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathetic understanding, and the skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others
prototypes
The best-fitting examples of a category
subjective experience of emotion
The changes in the quality of conscious experience that occur during emotional responses
emotion regulation
The cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions
sexual orientation
The disposition to be attracted to the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual)
appraisal
The evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare, it drives the process by which emotions are elicited
James-Lange theory of emotion
The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience (lump in your throat=sad, drop in your stomach=scared)
set point
The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature
self-actualization
The inherent drive to realize one's full potential
evolutionary theory
The major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives; hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex
cognition
The mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge
drives
The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension
emotional response
The physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated
Yerkes-Dodson law
The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance
homeostasis
The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance, around an optimal set point
critical thinking
The process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas
reasoning
The process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence
mental rotation
The process of imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space
metacognitive thinking
The process that includes the ability first to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking
metabolism
The rate at which we consume energy
confirmation bias
The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs
motivation
The urge to move toward one's goals, to accomplish tasks
Which of the following is true of moods?
They last longer than emotions.
Which of the following individuals is experiencing visual imagery?
Tiekka, who is remembering how many windows are in her house
self-conscious emotions
Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) by society's rules
Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means when he says to Mikey, "You're a good boy!" Which part of Mikey's brain is involved in this language comprehension?
Wernicke's area
rational choice theory
When given a choice between 2 or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals- that is, the rational choice
Melissa and Kristin are arguing about the right answer to a question on their practice quiz. Melissa says that the right answer requires them to consider all of the facts before making a conclusion. Kristin says the correct answer is on page 74 and they should just copy it. Is Melissa using critical thinking to support her position?
Yes, because she is considering the facts before drawing a conclusion.
Control, agency, and fairness are all examples of
appraisal dimensions.
On Maslow's hierarchy, which of the following is an example of an esteem need?
confidence
People who most value competitive achievement goals, such as career advancement and material gains,
decrease in happiness over time.
"All cars sold by this dealership come with satellite radio. This car was sold by the dealership. Therefore, it must have satellite radio." This line of thinking is known as __________.
deductive reasoning
Industrialized countries have higher levels of well-being than nonindustrialized countries, largely because individuals in industrialized nations are more likely to have
food and shelter.
Jamal said, "Every time there is an event at the nearby stadium I am late getting home because of all the traffic. Today there is an event at the stadium, so I told my wife I will be late getting home." Jamal has engaged in __________ reasoning.
inductive
A ______ is a structure in our mind that stands for something else, such as the external object or thing.
mental representation
Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can't find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an example of
metacognition.
Beulah says, "There are many clouds in the sky, the sky is darkening, and I hear thunder in the distance. It is likely going to rain." Beulah is engaging in __________.
reasoning
Sam is wearing a polo shirt, khakis, and shoes with cleats. More people judge that Sam is more likely going golfing than going bowling, but Sam just couldn't find his tennis shoes and was running late. This is an example of estimating the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event, which is known as the
representative heuristic.
Insulin, leptin, and peptide YY are all hormones that ____
suppress appetite.
Research has consistently shown that men, women, and animals with high levels of the hormone _________________ perform better on tests of spatial ability than do men, women, and animals with normal levels.
testosterone
Considering that babies respond to picture books before they learn how to talk,
the visual system is probably older, in evolutionary terms, than the verbal system.
Paternal investment theory contends that __________.
women are reluctant to engage in casual sex due to the consequences of pregnancy