Chapter 9: Language and Thought; Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion

incentive value

-Success at the task has to be important to you -The more difficult the task and the lower the odds of succeeding at it, the more meaningful and satisfying it'll be if you do succeed

category

A concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common

achievement motivation

A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

availability heuristic

A device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness

concept

A mental grouping of objects, events, or people

Alex is on the hockey team. According to research by Yerkes and Dodson (1908), in which of the following games would Alex perform best?

A midseason game against an equally skilled team, with several fans present

scientific thinking

A process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories

expressive suppression

A response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion. (physically biting your lip to keep from yelling at someone for always being late)

basic emotions

A set of emotions that are common to all humans; they include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

glucose

A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain

Duchenne smile

A smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye

subjective well-being

A state consisting of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect

representativeness heuristic

A strategy used to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event

mental representation

A structure in the mind-such as an idea or image- that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present

visual imagery

A visual representation created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present

facial action coding system (FACS)

A widely used method for measuring all the observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face

In their experiment on casual sex, Clark and Hatfield (1989) findings included all except:

About 10% of women agreed to have sex with a stranger.

sexual behavior

Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm

moods

Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions

concept hierarchy

An arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific

reappraisal

An emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results (seeing an exam as a chance to show what you know instead of as a chance to fail)

conjunction fallacy

An error in logic that occurs when people say that the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone

anorexia nervosa

An extreme fear about being overweight that leads to a severe restriction of food intake

expectation of success

An individual's evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task

incentive

Any external object or event that motivates behavior

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub, so Bill will only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous.

emotions

Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation

______ is the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive.

Cognitive psychology

universal

Common to all human beings and seen, in cultures all over the world

parallel distributive processing

Concepts are activated based on how strongly associated or connected they are to eachother

neurocultural theory of emotion

Elkman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived

antecedent events

Emotions emerge in response to situations we encounter in the world or in our thoughts

perceived organizational support

Employees' beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being

Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating?

Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidence

Aspects of emotion similar in all humans

Facial expressions and physiological changes

broaden-and-build model

Frederickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of an incentive?

Greg wants to win the election so he puts a lot of energy into his campaign.

needs

Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

How is the autonomic nervous system involved in an emotional experience?

It activates the bodily processes involved in an emotional response.

Which theory states that it is our perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that creates the subjective emotional experience?

James-Lange theory of emotion

causal inferences

Judgements about the causation of one thing by another

display rules

Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them

heuristics

Mental shortcuts, methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements

extrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises. Get people to do things they wouldn't normally do or don't like to do. (Allowances to child for cleaning their room and doing dishes)

intrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy

______ encompasses the forces that move us to behave or think the way we do, whereas ______ are responses to meaningful events in our lives—often threats or benefits to our well-being.

Motivation; emotions

life satisfaction

Our overall evaluation of our lives; an aspect of subjective well-being

bulimia nervosa

Prone to binge eating and feeling a lack of control during the eating session

Ellen's best friend won the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42. Now, Ellen buys a lottery ticket every day choosing these same numbers, because she is convinced that she too will win. What error in judgment is Ellen making?

Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act so as to increase our beliefs they will happen again even when they don't.

deductive reasoning

Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions

inductive reasoning

Reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence

facial feedback hypothesis

Sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience

emotion process

Shows how the components of emotion emerge

interpersonal

Smiles can also be used for ___________ reasons

Tom is an alcoholic. His psychologist says that he began drinking at age 13 because his parents spent a lot of time at work, and he started hanging out with friends who drank. He began to build an identity that was based upon his ability to party and consume excessive amounts of alcohol. In college, he found a ready-made group of friends in a fraternity who loved to down kegs full of beer. Tom's drinking gave him a community of friends who accepted him, even when he felt uncared for by his parents. Which approach best characterizes this psychologist's interpretation of Tom's addiction?

Sociocultural

affective traits

Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses

Need for achievement is a(n):

Stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

anterior cingulate cortex

The _______ _______ __________ is active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences and in the pain experiences with social exclusion or rejection

hypothalamus

The ________ appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions

autonomic

The ________ nervous system controls involuntary systems of the body, such as internal organs and glands

amygdala

The __________ is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal fo the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear

insula

The ___________ is the brain structure most involved in interception and plays an important role during the experience of pain and empathy for another's pain

prefrontal cortex

The ____________ ______________, the large area at the front of the brain plays an important role in the cognitive appraisal and reappraisal of emotion, and more specifically, in depression

emotional intelligence

The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathetic understanding, and the skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others

prototypes

The best-fitting examples of a category

subjective experience of emotion

The changes in the quality of conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

emotion regulation

The cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions

sexual orientation

The disposition to be attracted to the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual)

appraisal

The evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare, it drives the process by which emotions are elicited

James-Lange theory of emotion

The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience (lump in your throat=sad, drop in your stomach=scared)

set point

The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature

self-actualization

The inherent drive to realize one's full potential

evolutionary theory

The major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives; hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex

cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge

drives

The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

emotional response

The physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated

Yerkes-Dodson law

The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

homeostasis

The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance, around an optimal set point

critical thinking

The process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas

reasoning

The process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

mental rotation

The process of imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space

metacognitive thinking

The process that includes the ability first to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking

metabolism

The rate at which we consume energy

confirmation bias

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs

motivation

The urge to move toward one's goals, to accomplish tasks

Which of the following is true of moods?

They last longer than emotions.

Which of the following individuals is experiencing visual imagery?

Tiekka, who is remembering how many windows are in her house

self-conscious emotions

Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) by society's rules

Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means when he says to Mikey, "You're a good boy!" Which part of Mikey's brain is involved in this language comprehension?

Wernicke's area

rational choice theory

When given a choice between 2 or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals- that is, the rational choice

Melissa and Kristin are arguing about the right answer to a question on their practice quiz. Melissa says that the right answer requires them to consider all of the facts before making a conclusion. Kristin says the correct answer is on page 74 and they should just copy it. Is Melissa using critical thinking to support her position?

Yes, because she is considering the facts before drawing a conclusion.

Control, agency, and fairness are all examples of

appraisal dimensions.

On Maslow's hierarchy, which of the following is an example of an esteem need?

confidence

People who most value competitive achievement goals, such as career advancement and material gains,

decrease in happiness over time.

"All cars sold by this dealership come with satellite radio. This car was sold by the dealership. Therefore, it must have satellite radio." This line of thinking is known as __________.

deductive reasoning

Industrialized countries have higher levels of well-being than nonindustrialized countries, largely because individuals in industrialized nations are more likely to have

food and shelter.

Jamal said, "Every time there is an event at the nearby stadium I am late getting home because of all the traffic. Today there is an event at the stadium, so I told my wife I will be late getting home." Jamal has engaged in __________ reasoning.

inductive

A ______ is a structure in our mind that stands for something else, such as the external object or thing.

mental representation

Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can't find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an example of

metacognition.

Beulah says, "There are many clouds in the sky, the sky is darkening, and I hear thunder in the distance. It is likely going to rain." Beulah is engaging in __________.

reasoning

Sam is wearing a polo shirt, khakis, and shoes with cleats. More people judge that Sam is more likely going golfing than going bowling, but Sam just couldn't find his tennis shoes and was running late. This is an example of estimating the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event, which is known as the

representative heuristic.

Insulin, leptin, and peptide YY are all hormones that ____

suppress appetite.

Research has consistently shown that men, women, and animals with high levels of the hormone _________________ perform better on tests of spatial ability than do men, women, and animals with normal levels.

testosterone

Considering that babies respond to picture books before they learn how to talk,

the visual system is probably older, in evolutionary terms, than the verbal system.

Paternal investment theory contends that __________.

women are reluctant to engage in casual sex due to the consequences of pregnancy