Chapter 9- Microbiology

Viral genomes can either be _____ or _____ genomes

DNA or RNA

delayed early: encodes _____ proteins

DNA replication

Bacteriophage T7... infects _____ Virion has an _____ head and a very ___ tail

E Coli head short

Negative Strand RNA Animal viruses Influenza... breaks down sialic acid component of host cytoplasmic membrane

Neuraminidase

Positive strand RNA virus

Phage MS2

Bacteriophage Mu is a

double stranded DNA bacteriophage

Bacteriophage T7 is a ______ Bacteriophage DNA replication employs T7 _____ and involves ______ and the formation of _____

dsDNA DNA polymerase terminal repeats concatemers

Viruses of Archaea... Most viruses that infect Archaea resemble those that infect _____ Only _______ viruses have been identified so far

enteric bacteria double stranded DNA

product is processed into 2 distinct envelope proteins

env

encodes several small viral structural proteins

gag

Retroviruses... gene expression and protein processing are complex ALL retroviruses have 3 genes _____, ________, ______

gag pol env

Negative Strand RNA Animal viruses Influenza... causes clumping of red blood cells

hemagglutinin

Hepadnaviruses... virions small, irregular shaped particles include ________ viral replication occurs through an ______ intermediate Unusual genomes: _____ and only partially ________

hepatitis B RNA tiny double stranded

Bacteriophage M13 viral infection slows _____ growth

host

Bacteriophage T7... Genome always enters _____ cell in ____ oreinetation Order of genes on the T7 chromosome influences ______ of virus replication

host same regulation

Rhabdoviruses... RNA of rhabdoviruses is transcribed in the _______ into 2 distinct classes

host cytoplasm

Herpesviruses... ______ group of viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals Able to remain _____ for extended periods of time An important group causes _____ forms of cancer example: Epstein-BArr virus

largest latent clinical

Bacteriophage M13 can be released without ____ host via a process called ______

lysing budding

Negative strand RNA Animal viruses... Negative strand RNAs are complementary to the _______ They are copied into mRNA by an _____ present in the virion Only those that infect _____ are known

mRNA enzyme Eukarya

Reoviruses... virions contain virus encoded enzymes necessary synthesize _____ and the new ______ genomes

mRNA RNA

Bacteriophage Mu... known as the _____ phage induces mutations in ____ genome Useful in ______ ______ phage

mutator host bacterial genetics temperate

Replication of positive strand RNA viruses requires a _______ intermediate from which new positive strands are synthesized

negative strand RNA

Adenoviruses.... DNA replicates in the _______ replication requires protein _______ and avoids synthesis of a ______ strand

nucleus primers lagging

Some polyoaviruses cause cancer... In _____ host cells, virus infection results in the formation of new virions and the lysis of host cells

permissive

Phage MS2... an example of a bacterial RNA virus that infects E Coli by attaching to _____ Possesses a _____ genome that is directly translated by a combination of _____ and ______ enzymes possesses _____ genes

pilus small host viral overlapping

Some bacteriophages contain ssDNA genomes of the _____ configuration

plus

is translated into a large polyprotein

pol

Positive strand RNA viruses also include

poliovirus

Some DNA animal viruses can induce cancer: these include

polymavirus SV40 Herpesviruses

among the most complex and largest animal viruses known ________ DNA replicate in the ______

pox viruses cytoplasm

Uniquely replicating DNA animal viruses... Double stranded DNA animal viruses that have unusual replication strategies include

pox viruses and adenoviurses

infectious proteins whose extracellular form contains no nucleic acids

prions

Negative strand RNA Animal viruses... Rhabdoviruses Include viruses that cause: ____ in animals and humans, ___ in cattle, pigs, and horses _____ viruses Virion is ___ shaped

rabies vesicular stomatitis enveloped bullet

Herpesviruses.. infection follows attachment of virions to specific cell _____ 3 classes of mRNA produced ______

receptors immediate early delayed early late

Poliovirus... host RNA and protein synthesis are inhibited when poliovirus _______ begins

replication

Enveloped virions that contain 2 copies of the RNA genome

retrovirus

Viruses that use reverse transcriptase

retroviruses (RNA viruses) and hepadnaviruses (DNA viruses)

Retroviruses.. virions contains several enzymes Includes _________ use to make DNA copy of genome

reverse transcriptase

Replication in Bacteriophage OX174 occurs via

rolling circle replication

Negative Strand RNA Animal viruses Influenza... Enveloped, pleomorphic virus ______ genome _______ proteins interact with host cell surface

segmented surface

poliovirus... ____ virus Viral RNA is translated ______, producing a single long giant protein called _______, that undergoes ______ to generate 20 smaller proteins necessary for _______ and virus ______

small directly polyprotein self cleavage nucleic acid replication assembly

Bacteriophage OX174 has very ____ genome with ____ genes

small overlapping

Viroids are the _________ known pathogens cause a number of important plant _______ small, circular, ssRNA molecules do not encode ______, completely dependent on ________

smallest diseases proteins host encoded enzymes

Rhabdoviruses 2 distinct classes include: 1. series of mRNAs encoding the _____ genes of virus 2. ________ RNA that is a copy of the complete viral genome

structural positive strand

Late encodes _____ of the virus particle

structural proteins

Transcription of the genome is preceded by ______ of a ______

synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA

Viruses may have played a role in transition from

RNA to DNA

Double stranded RNA viruses.... Non enveloped nucleocapsid with a double shell of icosahedral symmetry

Reoviruses

Reoviruses... genomes segmented into _____ molecules of _______ double stranded RNA Replication occurs exclusively in cytoplasm within the ______

10-12 linear nucleocapsid

3 classes of mRNA are produced... Immediate early: encodes _____ proteins

5 regulaotry

Major group of icosahedral, linear, double stranded DNA viruses is _____ cause mild ______ in humans

Adenoviruses respiratory infections

structure of neuraminidiase and hemagglutinin proteins are subtly altered

Antigenic drift

Model filamentous bacteriophage

Bacteriophage M13

Bacteriophage Mu... Invertible ____ region of genome determines host range Genomes is integrated into the host chromosomes via _____

G Transposase

Some polyoaviruses cause cancer... In _____ host cells, the virus DNA becomes integrated into host DNA (analogous to a prophage), genetically altering cells in the process

Her

Polyomavirus SV40: induces tumors in ____ ______ vision with an icosahedral head No ____ in the virion, replicate in ______ nucleus

animal Nonenveloped enzymes host

prions... known to cause disease in ____ host cell contains gene _____ that encodes native form of prion protein that is found in healthy animals prions _______ results in neurological symptoms of disease (resistance to protease, insolubility, and aggregation)

animals PrnP misfolding

Portion of the RNA genome from two genetically distinct strains of virus infecting the same cell are reassorted Generates virions that express a unique set of surface proteins

antigenic shift

Viruses may have arisen after _____, remnants of cells that replicate with the help of a ______ cell

cells live

What is the smalls viral genome size and the largest viral genome size and the names of each?

circovirus: 1.75 kbp megavirus: 1.25 mbp

Viral genomes shape some are _____, but most are _____

circular linear

Polyomavirus SV40 DNA is _______ Small genome, has _____ genes

circular overlapping

Bacteriophage OX174 contains a ______ genome inside an icosahedral virion

circular single-stranded DNA

Bacteriophage M13 is used as a _____ and DNA-sequencing vector in _____

cloning genetic engineering

Negative Strand RNA Animal viruses... Processes that help influenza elude the host _____

immune system

Coronaviruses.. _____ viruses Causes ______, including ____, in humans and animals Virions are ______, contain club shaped glycoprotein ____ on their surfaces, produces _____ mRNA

larger respiratory infections SARS enveloped spikes monocistronic

Bacteriophage Mu... in both lytic and lysogenic pathways, the genome is replicated as part of a ____ molecule Lysogenic requires sufficient amounts of a _______ to prevent transcription of integrated Mu DNA Genome is packaged into the vision with _______ of host DNA at either end

larger DNA molecule repressor protein short 5bp sequences

Bacteriophage Mu... replicates by _____ Large virus with a icosahedral head, ____ tail, and ___ tail fibers

transposition helical six

infectious RNA molecules that lack a protein coat

viriods