Chapter 9 Nutrition

What describes the degree of potency of a vitamin?

biological activity

The bioavailability of vitamins can be affected by:

food processing, food preparation, and GI transit time

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?

free radical

It is highly reactive, It removes electrons from more stable molecules, and It is a substance with an unpaired electron are all characteristics of what?

free radicals

Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______.

have cystic fibrosis have a condition that impairs fat absorption have liver disease

Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.

have not

About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.

intestinal bacteria

Children with leg bones that bow under the weight of carrying the upper part of the body is a sign of ____________, a disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency.

rickets

The ________ ___________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

How do vitamins participate in energy production?

they participate in the chemical reactions that produce energy

energy metabolism is a function of what vitamin?

thiamin

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

vitamin

immune function is a function of what vitamin?

vitamin A

Involved in the growth and development of tissues and Regulates a variety of body processes are functions of what?

vitamins

Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day?

-Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. -Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. -Your body can synthesize vitamin D.

Which of the following are considered basic roles of vitamins? Multiple select question.

-Involved in cell division and development -Regulates body processes

Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?

-People with fat malabsorption -Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables -Older adults

Where does the healthy body store vitamin E?

-Skeletal muscle -Body fat -Liver

Preserving water-soluble vitamins in food preparation can be achieved by

-cutting produce into large pieces. -cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins. -cooking vegetables in small amounts of water.

What roles does vitamin A play in the body?

Cell production Formation of epithelial cells Cell growth

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

-the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health -signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet -the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods

How many calories are provided from 60 mg of vitamin C?

0

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children receive how much vitamin D per day?

400IU

According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D. Multiple choice question.

50%

Vitamin __ participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth.

A

Choose the vitamins that are fat-soluble.

A, D, E, K

Alpha-tocopherol is a form of vitamin ______.

E

Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?

Margarine and salad dressing Green leafy vegetables Soybean and canola oils

What is the name of a substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules?

Oxidant

True or false: In general, vitamins that occur naturally and synthetic vitamins have similar biological activity.

True

Excessive intake or exposure to which vitamin may be particularly harmful to a developing fetus?

Vitamin A

normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function are characteristics of what vitamin?

Vitamin A

Bone health is a function of what vitamin?

Vitamin D

absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of normal blood calcium, calcification of bone, and maintenance of immune function are characteristics of what vitamin?

Vitamin D

Antioxidant Defense is a function of what vitamin?

Vitamin E

antioxidant is a characteristic of what vitamin?

Vitamin E

What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?

Vitamin K

production of active blood-clotting factors, prevention of soft tissue calcification are characteristics of what vitamin?

Vitamin K

what does "amine" mean?

a nitrogen containing substance

A class of mainly yellow, orange, or red pigments, which give color to fruits and vegetables, are called ______.

carotenoids

What is found only in plants?

carotenoids

Antioxidants are substances that give up _______ to free radicals to protect cells.

electrons

Vitamin K, D, and A are ____-soluble vitamins?

fat

Blood formation is a function of what vitamin?

folate

Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored?

liver

When an atom or molecule ______ one or more electrons, it has been oxidized.

loses

Several studies have displayed a relationship with vitamin K intake and __________ risk of osteoporosis.

lower

what does "vita" mean

necessary for life

The adult form of vitamin D deficiency is called ______.

osteomalacia

When an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons, it has been

oxidized

Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the _____ form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.

plant