Chapter 9 Smartwork

When adolescent relationships end, they are often difficult since they are often linked to ______.

arousing emotions

Many of Gustavo's friends are in relationships, but Gus is single. Which of the following is a stereotype he is likely to face?

"Gus must be lonely and desperate."

Match the developmental stage of heterosexual romantic relationships with the appropriate age range for that stage.

11 to 13 years of age - Developing a crush on someone is common and the crush often is shared with same-sex friends. 14 to 16 years of age - Casual dating emerges, and group dating is common. Friends act as third-party facilitators of potential dating relationships. 17 to 19 years of age - Dyadic romantic bonds form that typically last a year or more.

In 2016, the average age for an American female to marry for the first time was ______.

27.4

In 2016, the average age for an American man to marry for the first time was ______.

29.5

Research has found divorce is most likely to occur during which years of a marriage?

5th to 10th year

Paul and White (1990) identified ______ specific functions of dating.

8

In the early 20th century, the primary purpose of dating was to ______.

select and win a mate

In 2016, approximately ______ percent of emerging adults in the United States were cohabiting.

10

Around what age do heterosexual romantic attractions typically first emerge, triggered by puberty?

11 to 13 years of age

What did Harry Stack Sullivan's theory about friendships state? (Select all that apply.)

Adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self-worth. Friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents. Friendships are necessary to satisfy our basic social needs.

Homophily can apply to which of the following areas? (Select all that apply.)

Age Ethnicity Sex

In the 21st century, dating serves which of the following functions? (Select all that apply.)

As a socialization exercise As a form of sexual experimentation As a form of recreation

Training programs use which of the following techniques to help neglected children gain peers? (Select all that apply.)

Asking questions of others for positive attention Listening in a warm and friendly way Relating to their peers personally

Single adults face several challenges including which of the following?

Confronting loneliness in their lives Forming intimate relationships with others Confronting social prejudices Finding a niche in a marriage-oriented society

Some advantages of being single include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Being able to develop and meet goals Having time to make life decisions Freedom to pursue personal interests

Which of the following are benefits of being in a good marriage? (Select all that apply.)

Better health Lower risk of early death Increased longevity

Most studies of premarital cohabitation have found (higher/lower) rates of divorce after marriage.

Blank 1: higher

Which of the following are social skills demonstrated by children and adolescents described as popular? (Select all that apply.)

Communicating openly with peers Giving reinforcement to others Listening carefully

Adolescents say they depend more on friends than parents to satisfy which of the following needs? (Select all that apply.)

Companionship Reassurance of worth Intimacy

When adolescents experience social isolation, which of the following are likely to result? (Select all that apply.)

Depression Delinquency Academic problems Drinking

Which of the following are characteristic of adolescents whose romantic feelings are not returned? (Select all that apply.)

Depression Sexual dysfunction Obsessive thoughts

Research on adolescent girls showed that a high frequency of dating was linked to which of the following?

Depressive symptoms and emotionally unavailable parents

Joey is 21 years old. He is deciding whether to cohabit with his girlfriend or remain in an apartment with his male friends. Which life stage is Joey in?

Emerging adulthood

Research has linked which of the following to marital instability following cohabitation? (Select all that apply.)

Entering a second marriage Cohabiting prior to engagement Having children from another relationship

True or false: Researchers have found that as an adolescent changes his or her behavior problem, his or her peer group's perception of him or her also changes.

False

True or false: Training programs teach rejected adolescents to dominate peer interactions.

False

What is a single adult likelier to enjoy than a married adult?

Increased autonomy

Which of the following are positives of online dating? (Select all that apply.)

It helps anxious people. It helps shy people. The relationship may last longer.

Which statement best describes the changing U.S. divorce rate?

It peaked in the 1980s and has since declined.

Positive friendships in adolescence are associated with which of the following outcomes? (Select all that apply.)

Less delinquency Less substance abuse Academic achievement

What are negatives of online dating? (Select all that apply.)

Misrepresentations of identity are common. It decreases interpersonal connections.

Peer relations can be influenced by individual differences such as which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Negative emotions Personality traits Social position

Researchers have associated social cognitive deficits with which of the following?

Peer-related difficulties

Match the adolescent peer status with its description.

Popular - Frequently seen as a best friend, rarely disliked by peers Average - Receives a middle number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers Neglected - Infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by peers Rejected - Infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by peers Controversial - Frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked

Examples of peer ______ include things like friends, romantic partners, neighborhoods, sporting events, and religious settings.

contexts

Which of the following are difficulties that adolescent boys with peer adjustment problems face? (Select all that apply.)

Problems evaluating solutions in terms of their effectiveness Reduced ability to describe self-statements Reduced ability to generate alternative solutions to hypothetical problems

Which of the following characteristics can increase the likelihood of divorce? (Select all that apply.)

Psychological problems Infidelity Alcoholism

Which of the following are among the five different types of peer statuses? (Select all that apply.)

Rejected Average Popular Controversial Neglected

Emerging adulthood is a time of many changes including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Romantic relationships Lifestyle changes Residential changes

Partners in gay and lesbian relationships are likelier than heterosexual couples to do what? (Select all that apply.)

Share household chores equally Share child-care responsibilities

Important functions of friendships in adolescence include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Stimulation Ego support Physical support Companionship

Research has linked adolescent romantic experiences in tenth grade to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Substance abuse and delinquency Friendship and romantic competence High levels of social acceptance

For adolescents, the term "peers" can describe which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Team members Acquaintances Cliques Friends

When did the concept of adolescent couples dating become a phenomenon in the United States?

The 1920s

What are the features of crowds? (Select all that apply.)

They are larger than cliques. Many are defined by activities. They tend to be based on reputation.

Boys without peer adjustment problems demonstrate which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

They demonstrate adaptive planning. They have assertive and mature solutions. They can generate alternative solutions.

Which of the following statements about late bloomers are true? (Select all that apply.)

They fall outside the typical progression of romantic development. They include 17- to 19-year-olds who say they have not had a romantic relationship that has lasted more than 4 months. They include 17- to 19-year-olds who say they have had no experience in romantic relationships.

Which of the following statements about early starters is true? (Select all that apply.)

They include 11- to 13-year-olds who say they are currently in a romantic relationship. They fall outside the typical progression of romantic development. They include 11- to 13-year-olds who say they have had some prior experience in romantic relationships.

Adolescent peer groups share which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

They provide feedback about adolescents' abilities. They provide a source of information about the outside world. They provide a way for adolescents to rank themselves.

True or false: Two girls who are both in the the eighth grade and have been friends for a long time could be described as being in the same peer group.

True

Which of the following factors contribute to a higher incidence of divorce?

Youthful marriage Low educational level Low income

The rate of divorce in the United States is ______ the marriage rate.

about half

Affectionate love is more characteristic of (adolescent/adult) love rather than (adolescent/adult) love.

adult, adolescence

The type of love that occurs when a person wants to have another person near and has a deep, caring feeling for that person is called ______ love.

affectionate

During which of the following periods of development are boys and girls likely to spend the most time interacting with peers?

ages 7-8

Social-skills training programs have generally been most successful with which of the following age groups?

children under 10

Another term used to describe conglomerate strategies is ______.

coaching

Social involves thoughts about social matters.

cognition

Thoughts about social matters are identified as social _______.

cognition

refers to living together in a sexual relationship without being married.

cohabiting

The function of ______ is shown when someone is willing to spend time with them and join in collaborative activities.

companionship

Coaching, or ______ strategies, are used to improve adolescent social skills.

conglomerate

Peer refers to the type of peers adolescents interact with or the situation or location where they are.

context

Compared to cliques, are larger and less personal.

crowds

Research has shown that best friendships often ______ in satisfaction and commitment in the first year of college.

decline

The number of friendships people maintain generally ______ from the end of adolescence through emerging adulthood.

declines

Cohabiting females are most likely to cite concerns with ______.

delays in getting married

Two areas that play an important role in peer relations includes cognition and _______ of the adolescent.

emotions

Adolescents typically prefer ______ than in childhood. (Select all that apply.)

relationships that are more intimate and intense a smaller number of friends

Adolescents are most likely to say that they depend on their ______ to meet their needs for companionship, reassurance of self-worth, and intimacy.

friends

In 2016, the average age for a first marriage was ______.

higher than at any point in history

Partners in gay and lesbian relationships showed a(n) ______ level of relationship satisfaction compared to heterosexual couples.

higher than average

Between 2007 and 2016, there was a(n) (decrease/increase) in cohabiting couples in the United States.

increase

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, the need for , or a closeness between people, intensifies during early adolescence, which prompts them to seek out friends.

intimacy

Self-disclosure to a friend is also known as ______ in friendships.

intimacy

The inability of adolescents to "plug-into" a social network is a description of social ______.

isolation

The type of love that shows strong sexual and infatuation components is called ______.

romantic

The benefits of a happy marriage increased the longevity of life fo rmen/women) more than for (men/women).

men, women

Adolescents are ______ younger children to disclose intimate and personal information to their friends.

more likely than

Emotionally ______ individuals experience greater rejection by peers than emotionally ______ adolescents.

negative; positive

Adolescents who interact with ______ engage in more problem behaviors, such as delinquency and early sexual behavior.

older peers

Romantic love is also identified as ______ love.

passionate

Research has shown a higher level of attachment in girls, especially related to trust and communication.

peer

Xavier is able to compare his football talents to others on the team as a result of his ______ group interactions.

peer

group may include acquaintances, members of cliques, neighborhood associates, or team members.

peer

Cody is able to work with his friends to find mature solutions to problems, and he adapts to the ideas of the other boys in the group. Cody is seen as having positive ______.

peer relations

As adolescents get older, they tend to spend an increasing amount of time with their ________.

peers

Which of the following terms refers to adolescents of about the same age or maturity level?

peers

Louisa is a shy adolescent. She feels neglected by her peers and is anxious about meeting new peers. This is an example of a ______ trait that influences her peer involvement.

personality

Christa is an adolescent who has many friends. She shows concern for her peers and is willing to listen and reinforce their needs. According to research on peer status, Christa would be classified as ______.

popular

Adolescents who interact with older youths engage in more ______ behaviors.

problem

The sharing of private thoughts is more commonly known as ______.

self-disclosure

Cohabitation refers to living together in a ______ relationship without being married.

sexual

The tendency of adolescents to associate with others like them is called homophily, or ______.

similarity

An adolescent's status is the term used to describe the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer groups.

sociometric

The term used to describe the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer groups is ______ status.

sociometric

Austin has many positive peer relationships. According to research, Austin will likely demonstrate a decrease in ______.

substance abuse

Research indicates the primary reason people wait several years before divorcing is because ______.

they continue to try to make it work