MNO Exam 4

Frederick W. Taylor

"Management is a science. There is one best way and one best person to do the task. I love efficiency and I love to study people at work. Management should be an academic discipline." Influenced: 1. Bringing psychology into the workplace 2. Gantt Chart and planning 3. Harvard university offering a Management degree

Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing an office/manufacturing location in the Brazilian market for a U.S. company that operates cinemas and wants to open a chain of movie theatres there?

1. Barriers 2. Work force quality 3. Exchange rates 4. Business strategy of the chain OR e. all of these

Principles of Management

1. Division of Labor 2. Authority 3. Discipline 4. Unity of Command 5. Unity of Direction 6. Subordination of the Individual Interests 7. Remuneration (equal fair payment) 8. Centralization 9. Scalar Chain (clear chain of command) 10. Order 11. Equity (support employees) 12. Personal Tenure 13. Initiative 14. Espirit De Gorps (work as a team)

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

1. Have emotional stability 2. have a desire to lead 3. are self-confident 4. are knowledgeable about business or ALL OF THESE

How do employees try to restore equity when they perceive that they have been treated unfairly?

1. by simply quitting their jobs 2. by rationalizing inputs or outcomes 3. by changing the referent 4. By reducing the level of energy and time they input into a project or ALL OF THESE

Transformational leaders ____.

1. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision 2. are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization 3. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group 4. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization or ALL OF THESE

Who's Ripe for Unions?

Amazon, Hotels & Casinos, White Collar, Pharmacists, Sales/Retail

Bureaucratic & Administrative Management

Bureaucracies (inefficient b/c resistant to change) are characterized by 7 elements: qualification-based hiring; merit-based promotion; chain of command; division of labor; impartial application of rules and procedures; recording rules, procedures, and decisions in writing; and separating managers from owners.

____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Charismatic leadership

A(n) ____ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.

Cooperate contract

Henry Fayol

Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy) Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism

____ is a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.

Direct foreign investment

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

Drive

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is ____.

Existence

____ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.

Exporting

Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the phase model of globalization?

Exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

Fiedler's contingency theory

Hofstede's research has shown there are:

Five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countrie

____ are both examples of cooperative contracts.

Franchising and licensing

Henry Gantt

Gantt Chart -- a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

The acronym GATT stands for the ____.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The trade agreement that represented the most significant change to the regulations governing global trade during the 1990s was the:

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

A ____ is a target, objective, or result.

Goal

Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?

Goals can energize behavior

Pitfalls of Unions

Group think

Which of the following statements about needs is true?

Higher-order needs will generally not motivate people as long as lower-order needs remain unsatisfied

The most important situational factor in Fieldler's Contingency Theory is:

Leader-member relations

____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Leadership

An expatriate is someone who:

Lives and works outside of his or her own country

Benefits of Unions

Make more money Benefits (like healthcare) Pensions Job Security

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Motion Study -- breaking each task or job into separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive. Time Study -- timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs.

According to the text, ____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

Motivation

____ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of people from a particular country.

National culture

Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?

Organizations need both leaders and managers.

Historically, most companies have used the ____ to successfully enter foreign markets.

Phase model of globalization

What are the two types of political risk that affect companies conducting global business?

Political and policy uncertainty

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

Position Power

__________ strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).

Positive and negative reinforcement

McClellend's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ____.

Power, achievement, and affiliation

The Wagner Act

Prohibits management from: a. Threatening employees with loss of jobs or benefits if they join a union (Walmart & rumors of the meatpackers unionizing) b. Threatening to close a plant if a union is organized c. Questioning employees about union activities or membership d. Spying on union gatherings e. Granting wage increases deliberately timed to discourage employees from forming a union

Union Trends

Public Institutions -- Participation started low, but increased to today with a huge jump in 1960s Private Institutions -- Started high, but decreased to today

Two factors help determine the growth potential of foreign markets. They are foreign competition and:

Purchasing Power

History of Unions

Railway Labor Act (RLA) was the first expansion of the employment relationship beyond the employer and individual laborer

____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Reinforcement

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

Situational Favorableness

____ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries.

Subsidies

In 2000, the United States imposed a tax on all steel imports in an effort to protect about 5,000 jobs. This tax is an example of a(n) ____.

Tariff

The two general kinds of trade barriers are:

Tariff and non-tariff

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

Task Structure

According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ____.

Tension

According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly.

The equity theory

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration

What is Scientific Management?

Thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job

One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.

To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?

The term ____ is used by Hofstede to describe the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations.

Uncertainty avoidance

Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?

Variable Interval

Because workplace injuries cost U.S. businesses $1 billion every week, increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means ____.

a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior

All global new ventures share two common factors. One is the bringing of a good or service to several different foreign markets at the same time. The other is ____.

a mass of businesspeople with extensive personal experience in all aspects of global business OR a. None of these

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

a sense of achievement

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?

accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

achievement-oriented leadership

A country or region that has an attractive business climate for companies that want to go global has ____.

an effective but cost-efficient place to build an office or manufacturing site

Charismatic leaders generally ____.

articulate a vision based on strongly held values

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

charismatic

The two types of visionary leadership are ____.

charismatic leadership and transformational leadership

For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered ____.

consistently, contingently, and quickly

The ____ strategy of minimizing or adapting to the political risk inherent to global business makes use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts.

cooperation

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

employee-centered leadership

Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it _____.

encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished.

Extrinsic rewards are ____.

exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques

According to Hofstede, when people in a culture are oriented to the present and seek immediate gratification, that culture is described as ____.

having short term orientation

The normative decision theory ____.

helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ____.

higher-order and lower-order needs

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are:

higher-order and lower-order needs

The evidence clearly shows that __________ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.

how well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ______ and ______, are central to successful leadership.

initiating structure; consideration

Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of ____.

its consequences

According to some industrial psychologists, ____ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

job performance

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.

job performance; job satisfaction

Fiedlers contingency theory assumes:

leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, the people who are described as happy-go-lucky and are people who are comfortable with an unstructured life and deal well with sudden changes. In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, these people have a ____.

low degree of uncertainty avoidance

Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____.

make sure workers truly accept organizational goals

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

none of these

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

none of these

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the:

normative decision theory

Starbucks is expanding its global operations into South America in spite of the real probability of civil wars and terrorist activities in many of the continent's nations. As Starbucks expands into South America, it must deal with ____.

political uncertainty

In equity theory, ____ refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

procedural justice

In equity theory, ____ are others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.

referents

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.

reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement

Transactional leaders ____.

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Transactional leaders:

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ____.

satisfaction

To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can:

systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs

Global business is defined as____.

the buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

the formal authority system

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership.

trait theory

The two basic kinds of inequity are ____.

underreward and overreward

According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality