Chapter 9 Sociology

The World Bank uses as its measure of income inequality what is known as the __________, which ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).

Gini coefficient

__________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita (per person) income.

High-income countries

Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease, and they do not have adequate health care facilities. __________ is a common problem among children, many of whom are underweight, stunted, and have anemia.

Malnutrition

The __________, named after a U.S. Secretary of State, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.

Marshall Plan

Transnational corporations have built maquiladora plants so that goods can be assembled by low-wage workers and then brought into the United States to keep production costs down. These maquiladora plants are located in what country?

Mexico

The __________ was introduced by the United Nations to help identify overlapping deprivations that are suffered by households in health, education, and living standards. These three dimensions are subdivided into ten indicators.

Multidimensional Poverty Index

The bottom three countries in the "Low Human Development" category are:

Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zimbabwe

The statement "The problem of inequality lies not in poverty, but in excess" is best summarized by which of the following?

The solution to inequality is a change in the value system of the rich and not the poor.

After __________, the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social scientists.

World War II

The World Bank has defined ___________ as living on less than $1.25 a day.

absolute poverty

Low-income countries are primarily __________ with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

agrarian nations

According to the new international division of labor theory, "__________" is the term used to refer to industries in which large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies set up decentralized production networks in various middle- and low-income countries.

buyer-driven commodity chains

The __________ states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries.

dependency theory

The idea of __________ has become the primary means used in attempts to reduce social and economic inequalities and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world.

development

According to the Human Development Report, _________ is an important component in improving life chances because individuals become "more aware of how to avoid health risks and to live longer and more comfortable lives."

education

As a result of the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as "underdevelopment" have largely been dropped in favor of measurements such as sustainable development, and economies are now classified by their:

evels of income or their ranking on the Human Development Index

Rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems are referred to as:

first world nations

The 2008 U.S. financial crisis led to a[n] _________ that spread from high-income economies to lower-income economies. The economic slowdown particularly harmed countries located in the sub-Saharan Africa.

global economic recession

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world, is referred to as:

global stratification

The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.

gross national income (GNI)

Nations with __________ continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some workers who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.

high-income economies

The World Bank classifies nations into four economic categories:

high-income, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low economies

According to the United Nations, __________ is the process of "expanding choices that people have in life, to lead a life to its full potential and in dignity, through expanding capabilities and through people taking action themselves to improve their lives."

human development

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross domestic product, for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy, education, and living standards.

human development index (HDI)

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle income and upper-middle income. Bolivia, Cameron, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam are classified as:

lower-middle-income countries

Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and with moderate levels of national and personal income, are referred to as:

middle-income countries

The most widely known development theory is __________, which is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.

modernization theory

Based on the new international division of labor theory, __________ chains is the term used to describe industries in which transnational corporations play a central part in controlling the production process.

producer-driven commodity

The term __________ refers to material well-being, which is measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.

standard of living

According to Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy, all countries go through four stages of economic development. The second stage is the __________ stage, which is a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition, and achievement.

take-off

Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy, suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development. In the third stage, referred to as the __________, the country will reinvest in new industries and embrace the beliefs, values, and social institutions of the high-income, developed nations.

technological maturity stage

People living in the __________, which comprise the poorest countries, have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.

third world

The education of __________ is of primary importance in the future if global inequality is to be reduced.

women

Although some people have grown wealthy in lower-middle-income nations, many others continue to live in poverty, defined as _________ per day in purchasing power.

$1.25

The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-income countries is about __________ years less than that of people in high-income nations.

30

The United States is ranked 43rd in the world with a Gini coefficient of __________. On this measure, the United States fares better than a number of countries in the Middle East.

45

The 2010 life expectancy rate for the United States was _________ and the GNI was $47,094.

79.6

In order to better understand how the HDI translates into real life, we should consider that a child that is born in 2010 in Norway has a life expectancy of _________ years compared with a life expectancy of _________ for a child born in Zimbabwe.

81; 47

___________ is the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.

Capital flight

___________ is an important example of a lower-middle income economy because that nation's rural-urban divide has brought increasing income and wealth to urban areas through world trade and the presence of multinational corporations as contrasted with rural areas that remain dependent on agriculture, particularly rice, for economic survival.

China