Chapter 9 test

In a valuation retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillians somatic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique

A field sparrow is an animal

_____ is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

Learning takes place in a connections network through a process of ________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units

Back propagation

Which of the following statements is NOT Cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, rich refers to the property that

Damage to the system does not completely disrupt his operation

If you sat "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog" you would be using the ______ approach to categorization

Exemplar

Research suggests that the ______ approach to categorization works best for small categories eg. US presidents

Exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds

Exemplar

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" is

Family resemblance

In the semantic network model, A specific category or concept is represented at a

Node

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spreading across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

spreading activation

Primes associated concepts

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in their past?

Prototype

The _______ model includes association between concepts and property of spreading activation

Semantic network

If we are conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists two people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups name, as specifically as possible, five different plants senior on campus, we would predict that the expert groups would primarily label plants on the _____ level, well non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _______ level

Specific, basic

Collins and Quillian explained the result of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ________ into their network model

Spreading activation

One reason why basic level categories maybe "psychologically privilege "is that

You lose a lot of details when jumping to a global category, but gain only a few details by jumping to a specific category

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model

family resemblance

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ______ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.

mirror

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory attributes; function

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.