Chapter Eleven Psych Assignment Quizlet:

A set point is the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system.

A ___ ___ is the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system.

A Duchenne is a genuine smile that expresses true enjoyment.

A ____ is a genuine smile that expresses true enjoyment.

A sedentary (generally not active, sitting for most of the day) lifestyle is negatively correlated with maintaining weight and positive correlated with BMI.

A _____ (generally not active, sitting for most of the day) lifestyle is negatively correlated with maintaining weight and positive correlated with BMI.

The size of the fat cells can be reduced through diet and exercise.

A biologically based explanation for obesity relates to fat cells in the body. Which of the following are true of these fat cells? The number of fat cells can be reduced through diet and exercise. The size of the fat cells can be reduced through diet and exercise. Neither the size nor the amount of fat cells can be reduced through diet and exercise.

anger and aggression toward others. increased health problems. increased likelihood of committing suicide.

A lack of belongingness leads to which of the following possible consequences? increased self-esteem. anger and aggression toward others. increased psychological resilience. increased health problems. increased likelihood of committing suicide.

A low-glycemic diet is defined by 40% of carbohydrates and fat and 20% protein.

A low-glycemic diet is defined by ___% of carbohydrates and fat and ___% protein.

A sedentary lifestyle is negatively correlated with maintaining weight and positively correlated with BMI.

A sedentary lifestyle is _____ correlated with maintaining weight and positively correlated with BMI.

According to Ekman, basic emotions are not single states but represent categories or groups of related emotions called emotion families.

According to Ekman, basic emotions are not single states but represent categories or groups of related emotions called emotion _____.

To appease and placate those who have seen one's mistake.

According to Keltner, what is the function of embarrassment? To withdraw from threatening situations. To appease and placate those who have seen one's mistake. To move us toward things that will aid survival. To establish dominance in a social hierarchy.

According to Maslow's theory, the need to develop a sense of self-worth by knowing that others know and value one's competence is called esteem.

According to Maslow's theory, the need to develop a sense of self-worth by knowing that others know and value one's competence is called _____. self-actualization. love and belongingness. safety. esteem.

Love and belongingness.

According to Maslow, which of the following needs includes the needs to obtain and give affection and to be a contributing member of some group or society? Physiological. Love and belongingness. Safety. Self-actualization.

According to drive-reduction approaches, we do things in order to satisfy a biological need.

According to drive-reduction approaches, we do things in order to _____. participate in an activity for its own sake. satisfy a biological need. gain external goals or incentives. regulate stimulation and activity.

According to the parental investment theory, the costs of reproduction are generally much higher for women than men. While men need only have sex to reproduce, women carry a child, endure labor and delivery, and are generally more involved in child care.

According to the _____ theory, the costs of reproduction are generally much higher for women than men. While men need only have sex to reproduce, women carry a child, endure labor and delivery, and are generally more involved in child care. price of parenting. casual sex. parental investment. sexual orientation.

According to the study by Simon LeVay (1991), it was found that the hypothalamus (part of the brain which plays a role in sexual behavior) was substantially smaller in gay men than in straight men—about the size of women's.

According to the study by Simon LeVay (1991), it was found that the ______ (part of the brain which plays a role in sexual behavior) was substantially smaller in gay men than in straight men—about the size of women's. hippocampus. hypothalamus. medulla oblangata. cerebellum.

Affect is the variety of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods.

Affect is... the variety of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods. the changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a meaningful situation. the result of something on a person's emotional state. the change from mood to emotion over time.

Affective neuroscience is the field studying the brain's role in emotion.

Affective neuroscience is the field studying the brain's role in _____.

Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than emotions are called moods.

Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than emotions are called ____.

Although many facial expressions of emotion are understood universally, happiness is the emotion that is most recognizable.

Although many facial expressions of emotion are understood universally, _____ is the emotion that is most recognizable.

Analysis of data revealed that people who expressed more embarrassment were more concerned about others in social situations and more generous in their offerings of money to others.

Analysis of data revealed that people who expressed more _____ were more concerned about others in social situations and more generous in their offerings of money to others.

Approximately 18% of people have a BMI that is misleading in terms of describing their overall fitness.

Approximately ____ % of people have a BMI that is misleading in terms of describing their overall fitness. 18. 45. 85. 3.

Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that we seek to maintain homeostasis.

Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that we... seek to increase our level of arousal. seek to reduce our level of arousal. seek to maintain homeostasis.

Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that we seek to maintain homeostasis,

Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that we... seek to reduce our level of arousal. seek to maintain homeostasis. seek to increase our level of arousal.

First: Excitement. Second: Plateau. Third: Orgasm. Fourth: Resolution.

Arrange the phases of sexual arousal in their correct sequence from first (at top of list) to last: resolution. Excitement. Plateau. Orgasm.

Side. Middle.

Based on classical conditioning research with rats, which areas of the amygdala appear to be the most involved in fear conditioning? Side. Upper. Middle. Lower.

Behzad, who has a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles, is demonstrating achievement motivation.

Behzad, who has a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles, is demonstrating... strong incentive values. a need for power. a need for affiliation. achievement motivation.

Being accepted by others raises our self-esteem, while being rejected lowers..

Being accepted by others _____ our self-esteem, while being rejected ____. raises our self-esteem; lowers it. lowers our self-esteem; raises it. has no effect on our self-esteem; lowers it. raises our self-esteem; has no effect.

Bharti has been sitting at her computer, writing a paper, and has been so interested and engrossed in the task that she did not realize that two hours had passed since she first sat down. Bharti's experience is best described by the concept flow.

Bharti has been sitting at her computer, writing a paper, and has been so interested and engrossed in the task that she did not realize that two hours had passed since she first sat down. Bharti's experience is best described by the concept ____. hypnosis. self-actualization. set point. flow.

Bill is a car salesman who is primarily motivated by his paycheck and the praise of his boss and co-workers. Bill is high in extrinsic motivation.

Bill is a car salesman who is primarily motivated by his paycheck and the praise of his boss and co-workers. Bill is high in _____ motivation. extrinsic. intrinsic. achievement. organizational.

Brief "infusions" of elevation did increase the likelihood of depressed people to seek help.

Brief "infusions" of ____ did increase the likelihood of depressed people to seek help.

combination of face and voice. face alone. voice alone.

Collignon and colleagues found that women are better at processing emotional information about fear and disgust in which of the following modes of presentation? combination of face and voice. face alone. voice alone.

Compared to negative emotions, which promote a narrow, vigilant view of the world, positive emotions help us see the possibilities for new ways of responding to situations, which help us to build new skills.

Compared to _____ emotions, which promote a narrow, vigilant view of the world, _____ emotions help us see the possibilities for new ways of responding to situations, which help us to build new skills. positive; neutral. neutral; positive. negative; positive. positive; negative.

Darwin hypothesized that the facial expression associated with fear had a function; to enable people to respond more quickly to the situation.

Darwin hypothesized that the facial expression associated with ____ had a function; to enable people to respond more quickly to the situation. fear. sadness. anger. disgust.

Dieting does not decrease the number of fast cells but rather how much fat each cell stores.

Dieting does not decrease the number of fast cells but rather how much ____ each cell stores.

Different cultures expose children to unique flavor combinations or shape food preferences while people are young.

Different ____ expose children to unique flavor combinations or shape food preferences while people are young.

Drives are linked to very specific needs or triggers; whereas emotions are not.

Drives are linked to very specific _____ or triggers; whereas emotions are not.

Due to its involvement in planning, impulse control, and working memory, the prefrontal plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion.

Due to its involvement in planning, impulse control, and working memory, the _____ plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion. prefrontal cortex. insula. frontal lobe. amygdala.

During orgasm, certain brain regions, specifically those involved with fear, shut down.

During orgasm, certain brain regions, specifically those involved with ____, shut down.

Each emotion creates a different subjective experience, and each produces a(n) unique feeling.

Each emotion creates a different subjective experience, and each produces a(n) _____ feeling. negative. similar. positive. unique.

Electrically stimulating the hypothalamus leads to an increase in sexual behavior whereas if the structure is lesioned, it leads to a decrease in sexual behavior.

Electrically stimulating the hypothalamus leads to _____ in sexual behavior whereas if the structure is lesioned, it leads to ______ in sexual behavior. an increase; a decrease. no change; a decrease. no change; an increase. a decrease; an increase.

Emotional intelligence is defined as empathic understanding and the ability to recognize and to regulate emotions in oneself and others.

Emotional _____ is defined as empathic understanding and the ability to recognize and to regulate emotions in oneself and others. responding. traits. regulation. intelligence.

Emotions that are concerned with survival or protection from harm activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

Emotions that are concerned with survival or protection from harm activate... the central nervous system. the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. the somatic nervous system.

Female twins raised together are more likely to be similar in terms of sexual orientation than female twins raised apart, regardless of whether they are identical or fraternal.

Female twins raised _____ are more likely to be similar in terms of sexual orientation than female twins raised _____, regardless of whether they are identical or fraternal. together; apart. apart; together.

Females have been found to be superior in recognition of disgust, in particular.

Females have been found to be superior in recognition of _____, in particular. compassion. disgust. fear. elation.

For most women, fantasies involving men other than their sexual partner increase in frequency and intensity as they approach ovulation.

For most women, fantasies involving men other than their sexual partner increase in frequency and intensity... in the first day after menstruation has ceased. as they approach ovulation. once ovulation is over. in the day before menstruation.

Men.

For which gender is the only assured contribution to parenthood the act of sex itself? Both men and women. Men. Women.

Fruits, vegetables, and beans are considered to be relatively low-glycemic foods.

Fruits, vegetables, and beans are considered to be relatively ____-glycemic foods.

Ghrelin is a hormone that communicates feeling of hunger to the brain.

Ghrelin is a _____ that communicates feeling of hunger to the brain. neurotransmitter. hormone. gene.

Grunts, retching noises, and laughs are considered to be cross-cultural non-verbal vocalizations.

Grunts, retching noises, and laughs are considered to be cross-cultural _____ vocalizations.

Having met one's physiological needs, the next need in Maslow's hierarchy is safety.

Having met one's physiological needs, the next need in Maslow's hierarchy is... self-esteem. safety. affiliation. self-actualization.

It decreases how much fat each fat cell stores.

How does dieting affect a person? It decreases how much fat each fat cell stores. It helps people learn self-restraint when eating. It decreases the number of fat cells the person has. It teaches their body to need less calories to survive, thereby shifting the weight set-point.

Homosexuality and heterosexuality are thought of as on a continuum rather than as distinct categories.

How has our view of sexual orientation shifted across time? Homosexuality and heterosexuality are thought of as on a continuum rather than as distinct categories. Homosexuality is thought of as a category, but there are levels of heterosexuality. Heterosexuality is thought of as a category, but there are levels of homosexuality. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are currently being thought of as distinct categories rather than existing on a continuum.

The gene for leptin, which suppresses appetite, may be mutated in some individuals and lead to obesity.

How might the hormone leptin explain obesity? The gene for leptin, which suppresses appetite, may be mutated in some individuals and lead to obesity. Leptin sends signals to the stomach and triggers stomach pangs, so it causes people to feel hunger. Leptin leads to an increase in hunger and may be in excess in obese individuals.

If a person reaches the highest level of self-fulfillment and has realized his or her highest potential, Maslow would say he or she has reached a state of self-actualization.

If a person reaches the highest level of self-fulfillment and has realized his or her highest potential, Maslow would say he or she has reached a state of ____--____.

If a person stated that he was a "5" on the Kinsey scale of sexual orientation, that would mean that he identified as mostly homosexual.

If a person stated that he was a "5" on the Kinsey scale of sexual orientation, that would mean that he identified as... exclusively heterosexual. mostly homosexual. mostly heterosexual. exclusively homosexual.

Drive Reduction Model.

If a thermostat in our house detects it is too cold, it tells the furnace to turn on and continue pumping warm air into the house until the temperature has been brought back within the ideal set point range. What theory does this describe? Evolutionary theory. Drive reduction model. Hierarchical model. Optimal arousal model.

In 2018, about 31% of adult Americans were obese.

In 2018, about ____ of adult Americans were obese. 4%. 45%. 31%. 10%.

61 percent.

In a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, what percentage of American adults favored same-sex marriage? 31 percent. 45 percent. 61 percent. 72 percent.

In a now-classic study, Tomkins and McCarter showed participants of photographs of European Americans conveying different emotions. Participants were asked to identify the emotion displayed in each photo. Tomkins found that, overall, roughly 70% (or more) of the participants provided the same response for each photo.

In a now-classic study, Tomkins and McCarter showed participants of photographs of European Americans conveying different emotions. Participants were asked to identify the emotion displayed in each photo. Tomkins found that, overall, roughly ____% (or more) of the participants provided the same response for each photo. 50. 70. 25. 15.

Anger.

In a study involving adolescent participants, researchers were interested in gender differences in emotional facial expressions. Which of the following was NOT an emotion where girls showed more facial expression than boys? anger. contempt. happiness. shame.

In general, women show greater left amygdala activation for fear, whereas men show greater activation in the same area for negative emotion.

In general, women show greater left amygdala activation for ____, whereas men show greater activation in the same area for ____. positive emotion; fear and negative emotion. fear and negative emotion; positive emotion. violent content; non-violent content. non-violent content; violent content.

In one study, individuals who were depressed were given brief "infusions" of emotions such as gratitude to shift the focus of thinking.

In one study, individuals who were depressed were given brief "infusions" of emotions such as ____ to shift the focus of thinking. amusement. anger. disgust. gratitude.

In one study, participants who expressed more embarrassment were also more concerned about others in social situations.

In one study, participants who expressed more embarrassment.. were also more likely to experience feelings of pride. were also more concerned about others in social situations. avoided social situations in general. were only concerned about themselves in social situations.

Increases in heart rate and respiration are examples of psychological changes produced by emotions.

Increases in heart rate and respiration are examples of _____ changes produced by emotions. physiological. subjective. behavioral/expressive.

It has been found that those who are exposed to low levels of testosterone in the womb are more attracted to men and those exposed to high levels are more attracted to women.

It has been found that those who are exposed to _____ levels of testosterone in the womb are more attracted to men and those exposed to _____ levels are more attracted to women. low; high. high; moderate. high; low. moderate; high.

It has been found that those who are exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb are more attracted to women and those exposed to low levels are more attracted to men.

It has been found that those who are exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb are more attracted to _____ and those exposed to low levels are more attracted to _____. men; women. women; men.

It is not uncommon for some women to stay in the plateau phase and then pass to the resolution phase without orgasm.

It is not uncommon for some _____ to stay in the plateau phase and then pass to the resolution phase without orgasm. men. men and women. women.

"It's great how you choose broccoli instead of mashed potatoes with dinner." "I'd love to go jogging with you."

Kareem just lost 40 pounds, and his wife wants to encourage him to keep the weight off for his overall health and happiness. What kinds of comments will be the most likely to help Kareem maintain his new healthy weight? It's great how you choose broccoli instead of mashed potatoes with dinner." "I'd love to go jogging with you." "Don't forget to buy a salad for lunch instead of a burger." "You should take a spin class."

Leptin is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY.

Leptin is produced by ____ cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY.

Low-glycemic foods are digested more slowly than high-gylcemic foods and hence a person feels full longer and eats less.

Low-glycemic foods are digested more _____ than high-gylcemic foods and hence a person feels full longer and eats less.

Males and females with high baseline levels of testosterone are more sexually active.

Males and females with ____ baseline levels of testosterone are more sexually active. moderate. variable. high. low.

Maslow suggests that we want to feel good about who we are because this is part of meeting the esteem need.

Maslow suggests that we want to feel good about who we are because this is part of meeting the ____.

Maslow's model of motivation is hierarchical. This means that, in his model, individuals focus first on the most basic and physiological needs and progress to the highest and more psychological needs.

Maslow's model of motivation is hierarchical. This means that, in his model, individuals focus first on the _____ and progress to the _____. most basic, social needs; most individualistic needs. highest, psychological needs; more basic, physiological needs. most basic and physiological needs; highest and more psychological needs. needs of youth; needs of old age.

Maslow's need for love and belongingness explains why we contribute to groups in which we find ourselves.

Maslow's need for love and belongingness explains why we... work hard to make sure that we can provide for ourselves. contribute to groups in which we find ourselves. learn as much as we can about things that interest us. do not always contribute to groups in which we find ourselves.

Men always have a refractory period immediately following orgasm in which erection is lost and organism is not possible.

Men always have a _____ period immediately following orgasm in which erection is lost and organism is not possible.

Fat. Salt. Sugar.

Most humans crave the basic nutrients that were scarce during ancestral times. Which of the following are among those? Wheat. Fat. Salt. Sugar.

Motivation serves to energize and direct behavior.

Motivation serves to _____ behavior. control and hide. energize and direct. limit and define. inhibit and change.

One important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the blood (or brain, or bloodstream).

One important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the ____.

One important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the blood.

One important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the ____.

One of the most important hormonal effects on hunger come from insulin, which is produced by the pancreas.

One of the most important hormonal effects on hunger come from _____, which is produced by the pancreas.

One of the reasons it is difficult for many people to keep weight off is that the size of fat cells can change with dieting, but the number of fat cells doesn't change much after adolescence.

One of the reasons it is difficult for many people to keep weight off is that the _____ of fat cells can change with dieting, but the _____ of fat cells doesn't change much after adolescence. number; size. size; shape. size; number. number; quality.

One of the strongest needs humans have is the need for affiliation because we are social creatures and need relationships.

One of the strongest needs humans have is the need for _____ because we are social creatures and need relationships.

One research study found that 23% of participants who enrolled in a weight-loss program alone kept the weight off after 10 months, compared to 66% of participants who enrolled with friends.

One research study found that ____% of participants who enrolled in a weight-loss program alone kept the weight off after 10 months, compared to ____% of participants who enrolled with friends.

One study found that adults who had been adopted as children were much closer in weight to their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This illustrates the role of nature in obesity.

One study found that adults who had been adopted as children were much closer in weight to their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This illustrates the role of _____ in obesity. emotion. nurture. social pressure. nature.

Our culture has an obsession with being thin which may play a role in the development of eating disorders.

Our culture has an obsession with being _____ which may play a role in the development of eating disorders. healthy. surprising. content. thin.

Amusement.

Participants were shown a fear-eliciting film which caused cardiovascular activation. Next, they were shown a second film that was intended to either induce sadness, amusement, contentment, or no emotions at all. Which of these films do you hypothesize helped return cardiovascular arousal to baseline levels? Contentment. Sadness. Amusement.

People show their emotions through both verbal and nonverbal means, such as changes in facial behavior and vocal intonation.

People show their emotions through both _____ and ____ means, such as changes in facial behavior and vocal intonation.

People who do not get enough sleep have more trouble losing weight.

People who do not get enough ___ have more trouble losing weight. NPY. mind-stimulation. sleep. glucose. leptin.

People who experience the affective trait of hostility are more likely feel anger, may have hair triggers, and can remain in a bad mood the rest of the day.

People who experience the ______ of hostility are more likely feel anger, may have hair triggers, and can remain in a bad mood the rest of the day. affective trait. mood. Drive state. emotion.

Amygdala.

People with damage to this brain structure do not show normal physiological reactions under fear conditioning. What is it? Prefrontal lobe. Cerebellum. Amygdala. Hypothalamus.

People with higher levels of testosterone are more sexually active at earlier ages.

People with higher levels of ______ are more sexually active at earlier ages.

Physiological and safety needs are low-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

Physiological and safety needs are ______ in Maslow's hierarchy. mid-level needs. lower-order needs. higher-order needs.

Positive emotions engage the parasympathetic branch of the ANS and they return the body to a more relaxed, responsive state.

Positive emotions engage the ____ branch of the ANS and they return the body to a more relaxed, responsive state.

Physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, esteem.

Prior to self-actualization, what is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest? Safety and security, physiological, love and belongingness, esteem. Physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, esteem. Esteem, love and belongingness, safety and security, physiological. Love and belongingness, esteem, psychological, safety and security.

Rates of obesity have increased over the years.

Rates of obesity have ____ over the years.

Sex drive in women is strongest around ovulation, before and after menstruation.

Sex drive in women is strongest for 5 days after menstruation. only around ovulation, which varies for different women. during menstruation. around ovulation, before and after menstruation.

Embarrassment.

Six year-old Brian is giggly and feeling self-conscious after he violates a social norm in school and the other children look at him. He's experiencing which self-conscious emotion? Sadness. Embarrassment. Pride. Jealousy.

Sleep deprivation decreases the activity of the appetite suppressing hormone leptin.

Sleep deprivation decreases the activity of the appetite suppressing hormone _____.

Smiles can also be used to be polite in a conversation, mask negative emotions, encourage someone to buy a new car, or pretend one is feeling happy when one is not. These are examples of interpersonal uses of emotions.

Smiles can also be used to be polite in a conversation, mask negative emotions, encourage someone to buy a new car, or pretend one is feeling happy when one is not. These are examples of _____ uses of emotions.

Common to all human beings and cultures around the world.

Some aspects of emotion are thought to be universal, which means which of the following? Common to all human beings and cultures around the world. Unique to some individuals and some cultures around the world. Dependent on race and ethnicity. Shared by genders, but different across countries.

Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses are affective traits.

Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses are ____ ____.

The Anterior Cingulate cortex is active when people either recall or imagine emotional experiences.

The ____ ____ ____ is active when people either recall or imagine emotional experiences.

The hypothalamus appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions.

The _____ appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions. anterior cingulate cortex. prefrontal cortex. hypothalamus. insula.

The hypothalamus is the brain structure crucial to sexual behavior. In particular, lesions on part of this brain area have led to decreases in sexual behavior, while electrical stimulation of this area may lead to increased sexual behavior.

The _____ is the brain structure crucial to sexual behavior. In particular, lesions on part of this brain area have led to decreases in sexual behavior, while electrical stimulation of this area may lead to increased sexual behavior.

The insula is the brain structure most involved in interoception and plays an important role during the experience of pain and empathy for another's pain.

The _____ is the brain structure most involved in interoception and plays an important role during the experience of pain and empathy for another's pain. insula. hypothalamus. prefrontal cortex. anterior cingulate cortex.

The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in emotion because it activates other systems that are needed for action, including the circulatory and respiratory systems.

The _____ nervous system plays a crucial role in emotion because it activates other systems that are needed for action, including the circulatory and respiratory systems. autonomic. somatic. circulatory.

The evolutionary view sees emotions as bringing our physiological systems together to help us deal efficiently with critical situations.

The _____ view sees emotions as bringing our physiological systems together to help us deal efficiently with critical situations.

The prefrontal cortex, the large area at the front of the brain highlighted in purple, plays an important role in the cognitive appraisal and reappraisal of emotion and, more specifically, in depression.

The _____, the large area at the front of the brain highlighted in purple, plays an important role in the cognitive appraisal and reappraisal of emotion and, more specifically, in depression. amygdala. insula. frontal lobe. prefrontal cortex.

The amygdala is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear.

The ______ is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear.

The excitement phase of sexual arousal is characterized by vaginal lubrication in women and erection in men.

The ______ phase of sexual arousal is characterized by vaginal lubrication in women and erection in men.

The prefrontal cortex.

The case of Phineas Gage provided early evidence of the importance of which brain area as involved in emotion and personality? the anterior cingulate cortex. the amygdala. the insula. the prefrontal cortex.

The Prefrontal Cortex.

The case of Phineas Gage provided early evidence of the importance of which brain area as involved in emotion and personality? the prefrontal cortex. the amygdala. the anterior cingulate cortex. the insula.

The case of Phineas Gage, the 19th-century railroad worker who survived a serve injury to his prefrontal cortex, provided evidence of a relationship between emotion and personality.

The case of ____ ____, the 19th-century railroad worker who survived a serve injury to his prefrontal cortex, provided evidence of a relationship between emotion and personality.

The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses best describes the subjective experience of emotion.

The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses best describes the _____ experience of emotion.

The expression of fear actually increases the scope of vision.

The expression of ___ actually increases the scope of vision.

The expression of fear actually increases the scope of vision.

The expression of ____ actually increases the scope of vision.

The fact that Icelanders eat raw whale blubber pickled in whey and Mexicans eat cow brains and tongue are examples of the influence of culture on eating.

The fact that Icelanders eat raw whale blubber pickled in whey and Mexicans eat cow brains and tongue are examples of the influence of ______ on eating. culture. biology. evolution. preference.

The fact that newborn babies mimic the facial expressions of adults and by one year old they rely on the faces of their caregivers to convey important information about how they might act demonstrates that humans are predisposed to respond to faces.

The fact that newborn babies mimic the facial expressions of adults and by one year old they rely on the faces of their caregivers to convey important information about how they might act demonstrates that humans are _____ to respond to faces.

The gene for the hormone leptin, which suppresses appetite, may be mutated in some individuals and lead to obesity.

The gene for the hormone _____, which suppresses appetite, may be mutated in some individuals and lead to obesity.

The hypothalamus monitors blood glucose levels to determine when it is time to eat.

The hypothalamus monitors _____ levels to determine when it is time to eat. dopamine. blood glucose. ghrelin. adrenaline.

The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature, is called the set point.

The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature, is called _____. homeostasis. a drive. the set point. arousal.

The major sign of the excitement phase is vaginal lubrication for women and erection for men.

The major sign of the _____ phase is vaginal lubrication for women and erection for men.

The need for achievement is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

The need for ____ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

The need for achievement is defined as the need to excel and compete with others.

The need for ____ is defined as the need to excel and compete with others. camaraderie. validation. achievement. inclusion.

The need for affiliation is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.

The need for _____ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people. sex. affiliation. power. achievement.

The neuropeptide oxytocin makes people better at recognizing facial expressions of happiness, especially the more subtle ones that are harder to read.

The neuropeptide oxytocin makes people better at recognizing facial expressions of _____, especially the more subtle ones that are harder to read.

The physiological system responsible for the changes that occur during an emotional response, such as increases in heart rate and respiration, is the autonomic nervous system.

The physiological system responsible for the changes that occur during an emotional response, such as increases in heart rate and respiration, is the ____ nervous system. autonomic. circulatory. central. somatic.

The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point is called homeostasis.

The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point is called _____. a drive. a need. homeostasis. set point.

The six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) are only a small set of the infinite variety of emotional states humans can experience.

The six _____ emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) are only a small set of the infinite variety of emotional states humans can experience.

The term affect is used to describe the variety of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods.

The term ____ is used to describe the variety of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods. emoticon. facial feedback. trait. affect.

There appears to be cross-cultural data that shows that pride, such as winning an award or medal, is seen in diverse groups around the globe.

There appears to be cross-cultural data that shows that _____, such as winning an award or medal, is seen in diverse groups around the globe.

There are specialized neurons in the brain for responding to faces and certain brain areas are specialized for particular fascial expressions.

There are specialized _____ in the brain for responding to faces and certain brain areas are specialized for particular fascial expressions.

Thinness has come to define attractiveness (attractiveness/strength), and being thin has become a cultural obsession.

Thinness has come to define _____ (attractiveness/strength), and being thin has become a cultural obsession.

Drive Reduction Model.

This theory of motivation can be compared to a thermostat. Which theory is it? Evolutionary theory. Optimal arousal model. Drive reduction model. Hierarchical model.

Though both genders would be equally likely to agree to go on a date with someone they did not really know, women would be more likely to back off as the situation became increasingly intimate.

Though both genders would be equally likely to agree to go on a date with someone they did not really know, _____ would be more likely to back off as the situation became increasingly intimate. Men. Women.

Though smiles can be used to convey happiness and enjoyment, they can also be used for interpersonal reasons.

Though smiles can be used to convey happiness and enjoyment, they can also be used for ____ reasons.

To help lose weight, professionals recommend that you should do moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes per day.

To help lose weight, professionals recommend that you should do moderate exercise for at least ____ minutes per day. 30 minutes. 90 minutes. 60 minutes. 20 minutes.

improves emotional behavior. enhances school performance. enhances cognitive performance.

Training in emotional skills provides which of the following benefits? improves emotional behavior. improves creative function. enhances school performance. enhances leadership performance. enhances cognitive performance.

True.

True or False: Animals will forego food and drink in order to receive hypothalamic stimulation.

True.

True or False: For 18% of people, BMI is misleading.

True.

True or False: Recent research suggests that social media may play a role in increasing empathy for and positive attitudes toward same-sex marriage and transgender identity.

True.

True or False: The anterior cingulate cortex is the brain region that is active in both physical pain and the pain of rejection and inclusion.

True.

True or false: "Motherese" provides evidence of the universality of vocalizations of emotion.

False.

True or false: A lack of belongingness leads to only psychological problems.

True.

True or false: According to the broaden-and-build model of positive emotion, an individual can use positive emotions to see unusual possibilities and think creatively when problem-solving, building resources, or branching out socially.

False.

True or false: People show their emotions exclusively via facial expression.

False: Stomach contractions do not cause hunger.

True or false: Stomach contractions cause hunger.

False: endocannabinoids helps to increase/stimulate appetite.

True or false: endocannabinoids help to suppress appetite.

Unlike men, women may stay in the plateau phase and then pass to the resolution phase without orgasm.

Unlike men, women may stay in the _____ phase and then pass to the _____ phase without orgasm. excitement; resolution. plateau; excitement. resolution; plateau. plateau; resolution.

Updated models of female sexual arousal note that there often needs to be the right balance between thoughts and feelings with the engagement of sexual activity. This suggests that psychology plays a deeper role in female sexual arousal than originally believed.

Updated models of female sexual arousal note that there often needs to be the right balance between thoughts and feelings with the engagement of sexual activity. This suggests that _____ plays a deeper role in female sexual arousal than originally believed. psychology. media. biology. social status.

We tend to experience moods both physiologically and psychologically, and they last longer than emotions.

We tend to experience ______ both physiologically and psychologically, and they last longer than _____. emotions; moods. moods; emotions. emotions; affective traits.

Weight has been shown to have a very strong genetic influence. Thus, adopted children are more likely to resemble their biological parents.

Weight has been shown to have a very strong genetic influence. Thus, adopted children are more likely to resemble ______. their biological parents. their adoptive parents either their biological or adoptive parents.

Blood. Stomach. Brain. Hormones.

What are the four biological components of hunger? Blood. Stomach. Brain. Hormones. Culture. Taste buds.

We seek to decrease excitement when necessary to maintain a certain level. We seek to increase excitement when necessary to maintain a certain level.

What are the main principles of arousal approaches to motivation? (Select all that apply.) We seek self-actualization. We seek to decrease excitement when necessary to maintain a certain level. We are most interested in fulfilling secondary drives. We seek to increase excitement when necessary to maintain a certain level.

Amygdala.

What brain structure is important in the experience of emotion as it provides a link between the perception of the emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later? Amygdala. Hippocampus. Hypothalamus. Thalamus.

Amygdala.

What brain structure is important in the experience of emotion as it provides a link between the perception of the emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later? Thalamus. Hypothalamus. Amygdala. Hippocampus.

It declines.

What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise? It increases. It does not change. It declines.

it declines.

What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise? It increases. It does not change. It declines.

The optimal levels of salt, fat, and sugar that humans crave.

What is the "bliss point" when it comes to food? the optimal levels of salt, fat, and sugar that humans crave. what different cultures define as "comfort foods". foods that create a "sugar rush" or similar reaction. the perfect balance of carbohydrates and fats to maintain weight.

Happiness.

What is the most recognizable facial expression of emotion?

be around other people. show more generosity toward other people. cooperate with other people.

When adults (males and females) are given doses of the neuropeptide oxytocin, they are more likely to want to do which of the following? be around other people. compete with other people. show more generosity toward other people. exhibit hostility toward other people. cooperate with other people.

When an animal is hungry and underfed, NPY (acronym) is released in the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite.

When an animal is hungry and underfed, _____ (acronym) is released in the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite.

Evolutionary theory.

When danger approaches, the heart pumps blood to the skeletal muscles to allow for quick movement in case flight is necessary, the respiratory system works harder to bring in more oxygen, and the brain prioritizes attention so that we can figure out what we need to do to escape. Which theory of emotions does this illustrate? Broaden and build theory. Evolutionary theory. Undoing hypothesis. Efference hypothesis.

Hypothalamus.

Which brain structure monitors blood glucose levels? Amygdala. Hippocampus. Hypothalamus. Thalamus.

Low-glycemic.

Which foods are digested more slowly than others, leading a person to feel full longer and consume less? High-glycemic. Low fat. Low calorie. Low-glycemic.

Ghrelin.

Which hormone communicates feelings of hunger to the brain? Ghrelin. Serotonin. Melatonin. Dopamine.

Penetration.

Which is NOT considered a phase of sexual arousal? plateau. excitement. orgasm. resolution. penetration.

Self-actualization.

Which is the highest level of self-fulfillment, according to Maslow? Self-actualization. Primary motivation. Extrinsic motivation. Secondary motivation.

Evolutionary Theory.

Which model of motivation states that the major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex? Drive reduction model. Hierarchical mode. Optimal arousal model. Evolutionary theory.

The major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex.

Which most accurately describes the evolutionary theory? When our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state. It combines the influence of drives and incentives; says our needs range from basic physiological necessities to the highest psychological needs. Optimal performance is at moderate levels of arousal and arousal that is too low or too high leads to poor performance. The major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex.

It combines the influence of drives and incentives; says our needs range from basic physiological necessities to the highest psychological need.

Which most accurately describes the hierarchical model of motivation? Optimal performance is at moderate levels of arousal; arousal that is too low or too high leads to poor performance. It combines the influence of drives and incentives; says our needs range from basic physiological necessities to the highest psychological need. The major motives involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex. When our physiological systems are out of balance/depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state.

It combines the influence of drives and incentives; says our needs range from basic physiological necessities to the highest psychological need.

Which most accurately describes the hierarchical model of motivation? Optimal performance is at moderate levels of arousal; arousal that is too low or too high leads to poor performance. The major motives involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex. It combines the influence of drives and incentives; says our needs range from basic physiological necessities to the highest psychological need. When our physiological systems are out of balance/depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state.

Oxygen intake into the lungs increases. The heart pumps blood more rapidly.

Which of the following activities occur during sympathetic activity? Digestion increases. Oxygen intake into the lungs increases. The heart pumps blood more rapidly.

shame. guilt. pride. embarrassment.

Which of the following are considered self-conscious emotions? anger. shame. guilt. happiness. pride. disgust. embarrassment.

animal observations. hormonal influences in the womb. neuroscience. genetics.

Which of the following are sources of the biological foundation of sexual orientation? animal observations. hormonal influences in the womb. neuroscience. culture. genetics. brain hemispheric neglect.

Women more accurately recognize facial expressions of emotion than men do. Women talk more about emotions than men do.

Which of the following are true with regard to research on gender and emotion? (Choose every correct answer.) Men and women show similar patterns of brain activation during efforts to regulate emotions. Women feel emotion much more than man do. Women more accurately recognize facial expressions of emotion than men do. Women talk more about emotions than men do.

A smile that expresses true enjoyment.

Which of the following best describes a Duchenne smile? A smile that expresses true enjoyment. A fake smile used by salespeople to instill a sense of confidence in the buyer so that they make a purchase. A smile that hides negative emotional affect.

Occipital lobes.

Which of the following brain areas is NOT specifically involved in experiencing an orgasm? occipital lobes. cerebellum. prefrontal cortex. limbic system. hypothalamus.

Erection is lost.

Which of the following happens during the refractory period immediately following orgasm in men? Arousal starts. Multiple orgasms take place. Erection is lost. Orgasm begins.

Taste buds.

Which of the following is NOT a biological component of hunger? Taste buds. Stomach. Blood. Brain. Hormones.

Emotions return to a set-point, drives do not.

Which of the following is NOT a way drives, such as hunger and sex, differ from emotions? Emotions return to a set-point, drives do not. Drives are linked with very special need, whereas emotions are not. Emotions can override biological functions.

Emotions only activate the sympathetic branch of the ANS, not the parasympathetic.

Which of the following is NOT true about the physiological changes produced by emotions? Emotions only activate the sympathetic branch of the ANS, not the parasympathetic. Heart rate and respiration are some of the physiological changes produced by emotions. Emotion can either increase heart rate or lower heart rate. Physiological changes can impact the subjective experience of emotion..

Guilt.

Which of the following is not one of the six basic emotions? Happiness. Sadness. Fear. Guilt. Disgust.

Pictures of animal/human attacks evoke greater amygdala activation in men compared to women.

Which of the following is true with respect to sex differences in how the brain processes emotion? Pictures of animal/human attacks evoked similar amygdala activation in both men and women. Pictures of animal/human attacks evoke greater amygdala activation in women compared to men. Pictures of animal/human attacks evoke greater amygdala activation in men compared to women. Pictures of animal/human attacks evoke greater amygdala activation in younger men, but older men and women showed similar activation.

Initial sexual response in women involves more psychological processes than simply desire and arousal.

Which of the following reflects findings from updated models of sexual arousal? Initial sexual response in women involves more psychological processes than simply desire and arousal. Initial sexual response in women is purely a physical process. Initial sexual response in men involves more psychological processes than simply desire and arousal. Initial sexual response in men is purely a physical process.

Orgasm requires certain brain regions associated with fear to shut down.

Which of the following statements is correct about orgasm and its affect on the brain? There is no difference in the brain between having a real orgasm and faking one. Orgasm requires certain brain regions associated with fear to shut down. An orgasm causes women to feel more anxiety but less fear. Faking an orgasm requires certain brain regions associated with fear to shut down.

Genetics plays a bigger role in determining sexual orientation in men than in women.

Which of the following statements is true according to studies of twins? Genetics plays a bigger role in determining sexual orientation in men than in women. Genetics plays a bigger role in determining sexual orientation in women than in men. Environmental factors seem to have a stronger influence on sexual orientation for men when compared with women. For women, the degree of genetic relationship seems to matter most in twin sexual orientation. Correct

neuropeptide Y (NPY). ghrelin.

Which of the following stimulate hunger? neuropeptide Y (NPY). serotonin. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). ghrelin.

Stopping eating when you feel full.

Which of the following would be an example of a healthy eating behavior? Eating only green-leafy vegetables. Eating until everything is finished off of your plate. Stopping eating when you feel full. Eating foods high in glucose to stimulate energy.

Permissive.

Which type of society places few restrictions on sex? Restrictive. Permissive. Semirestrictive.

Semi-restrictive.

Which type of society places formal prohibitions on pre- and extramarital sex that are not strictly enforced? Restrictive. Semi-restrictive. Permissive.

Straight men.

Who is most likely to have a larger hypothalamus? Gay men. Lesbian women. Straight men. Straight women.

Women.

Who talks more about emotions - men or women? Women. Men and women talk equally as much about emotions. Men.

Instead of going on a low-fat, low-carb diet, it is better to go on a low-glycemic diet.

Your friend keeps telling you she needs to lose weight and get on a diet. You don't really advise her because you know that diets don't work in the long-term. However, she is convinced that she should go on a low-fat, low-carb diet. What would you recommend to her? Have her try the low-fat, low-carb diet but keep eating foods with sugar in them because she needs to energy. Instead of going on a low-fat, low-carb diet, she should just eat many smaller meals per day. Instead of going on a low-fat, low-carb diet, it is better to go on a low-glycemic diet. Tell her to restrict her total calorie intake overall to under 2,000 calories per day.

Emotional regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions.

___ ___ refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions. Emotion regulation. Reappraisal. Appraisal. Expressive-suppression.

Expressive-suppression is a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion.

____ ___ is a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion. Reappraisal. Expressive-suppression. Automatic appraisal.

Affective traits are enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of certain emotional states.

____ ____ are enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of certain emotional states. Emotions. Affective traits. Moods. Drive states.

Emotional intelligence is defined as empathic understanding and the ability to recognize and to regulate emotions in oneself and others.

____ ____ is defined as empathic understanding and the ability to recognize and to regulate emotions in oneself and others.

Emotions are brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

____ are brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

Women are more emotionally expressive and tend to smile more often than men.

____ are more emotionally expressive and tend to smile more often than ____.

Sexual behavior is defined as actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.

____ behavior is defined as actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.

Men have more positive attitudes about casual sex.

____ have more positive attitudes about casual sex. Married women. Women. Single women. Men. Married men.

Display rules help to explain observed cultural variability in emotional expression (such as why Samurai women smile broadly when learning their husbands or sons died in battle).

____ help to explain observed cultural variability in emotional expression (such as why Samurai women smile broadly when learning their husbands or sons died in battle). Antecedent events. Display rules. Reappraisal. Appraisal.

Leptin is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY, thereby signaling the body that it has had enough to eat.

____ is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY, thereby signaling the body that it has had enough to eat.

Homeostasis is the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.

____ is the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.

Flow is the state where people are not aware of time passing and are very absorbed in their task.

____ is the state where people are not aware of time passing and are very absorbed in their task.

Display rules are learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotions and to whom one should show them.

____ rules are learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotions and to whom one should show them.

Self-conscious emotions are those that occur as a function of how well we live up to our expectations, the expectations of others, or rules set by society.

____-____ emotions are those that occur as a function of how well we live up to our expectations, the expectations of others, or rules set by society.

Moods. are affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than emotions.

_____ are affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than emotions. Moods. Emotions. Affective traits.

Emotions are brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

_____ are brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation. Emotions. Affiliations. Motivations. Moods.

Endocannabinoids are marijuana-related naturally occurring neurochemicals that can increase appetite.

_____ are marijuana-related naturally occurring neurochemicals that can increase appetite.

Pride has a recognizable expression, which involves body movements, a low intensity smile, head tilted upward, and with slightly expanded chest.

_____ has a recognizable expression, which involves body movements, a low intensity smile, head tilted upward, and with slightly expanded chest.

Motivation includes all the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

_____ includes all the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Prefrontal is a brain region are activated during orgasm.

_____ is a brain region are activated during orgasm.

Maslow is credited with the hierarchy of needs from the most basic physiological needs to the highest psychological ones.

_____ is credited with the hierarchy of needs from the most basic physiological needs to the highest psychological ones. Yerkes. Maslow. Darwin. Pavlov.

Sexual behavior is defined as actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals which may or may not involve orgasm.

_____ is defined as actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals which may or may not involve orgasm. Sexual orientation. Sexual behavior. The sex drive. The sexual response cycle.

Socioemotional learning reflects strategies for regulating emotion in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and improve academic performance.

_____ learning reflects strategies for regulating emotion in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and improve academic performance.

Extrinsic motivation comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises.

_____ motivation comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises.

Intrinsic motivation comes from within the person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.

_____ motivation comes from within the person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.

Achievement motivation involves a desire to do things well and overcome difficulties and obstacles.

_____ motivation involves a desire to do things well and overcome difficulties and obstacles. Broaden-and-build. Achievement. Affiliation.

Affective neuroscience is the field devoted to studying the brain's role in emotion.

_____ neuroscience is the field devoted to studying the brain's role in emotion.

Naturalistic observation of animals suggest that same-sex pairings may be much more common than previously thought.

_____ observation of animals suggest that same-sex pairings may be much more common than previously thought.

Contractions of the stomach occur(s) when the stomach and small intestine have been relatively empty for about two hours.

_____ of the stomach occur(s) when the stomach and small intestine have been relatively empty for about two hours. Growling. Contractions. Bloating. Fullness.

Growling results from gastric secretions that are activated by the brain when we think of, see, or smell food.

_____ results from gastric secretions that are activated by the brain when we think of, see, or smell food. Growling. Bloating. Cramps. Contractions.

Rising glucose levels stimulate insulin production by the pancreas, which, in the long run, leads to hunger decrease.

______ glucose levels stimulate insulin production by the pancreas, which, in the long run, leads to hunger _____. Falling; increasing. Falling; decreasing. Rising; decreasing. Rising; increasing.

Expressive suppression is a strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion.

______ is a strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion. A display rule. Appraisal. The emotional response. Expressive suppression.

Drive reduction approaches suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement, such as water, produces a drive to obtain that requirement.

___________ approaches suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement, such as water, produces a drive to obtain that requirement. Drive reduction. Humanistic. Cognitive. Arousal.