Chapters 1, 4, 7, 13, 15 -Pathophysiology Midterm Review

velocity of blood flow is measured in?

centimeters per-second

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by?

norepinephrine

The strength of the bond between O2 and hemoglobin is known as the?

oxygen-hemoglobin affinity

The primary role of the baroreceptor reflex is to regulate?

perfusion pressure

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of?

secondary prevention

An increase in hemoglobin affinity for O2 occurs with?

shifts to the left -> alkalosis

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease process are well established, is referred to as?

subclinical because of the absence of clinical manifestations.

Indicators that an individual is experiencing stress include all of the following?

tachycardia, increased-peripheral resistance, diaphoresis, pupil dilation

Tissues are able to autoregulate their rate of blood flow by controlling?

vascular resistance

Peripheral edema is a result of?

venous thrombosis

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

Lung cancer has about a balnk% cure rate.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of which of the following from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor suppressor gene

What cause vasoconstriction?

Norepinephrine

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as a?

bicarbonate ion

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is?

measures to improve oxygenation

Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia because they are both?

microcytic

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in?

permanent damage and death. because the body will suffer undue wear and tear and become unresponsive

Deep vein thrombosis is managed with heparin to

prevent further clot formation

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of?

primary prevention

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is?

pulmonary embolus

What is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?

purpura

The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of?

resistance

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of?

secondary prevention

A disease that is continuously present in a particular region?

Endemic

A disease spread to many people?

Epidemic

Which condition enhances lymphatic flow?

Increased capillary oncotic pressure

Which of the following normally is not secreted in response to stress? Norepinephrine, cortisol, epinephrine, or insulin.

Insulin

Your parient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. Which response is correct?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Jaundice

The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation?

P = QR

Allostasis is best defined as?

The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well being.

What laboratory findings would usually be found in aplastic anemia?

Thrombocytopenia

Which of the following is Not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

Thrombocytopenia

Which of the following clinical findings is indicative of compartment syndrome?

absent peripheral pulses

All of the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except?

antidiuretic hormone

Proto-oncogenes?

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow?

arterioles

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer is

cigarette smoking

In general, with aging, organ size and function?

decrease

What is the best prognosis for for the cure of cancer?

early detection

A laboratory test that would be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is?

elevated total iron-binding capacity

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

emergency reaction to stressful situations; alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion (ARE bad)

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is?

energy and repair

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is?

erythropoietin administration

Red blood cells obtain nearly all of their energy from metabolism of?

glucose

Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs probably have?

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body because they?

have no cytoplasmic organelles

Blood flow is slow through capillaries because they?

have the largest total cross-sectional area

Which condition is associated with elevated reticulocyte count?

hemolytic anemia

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include?

hyperlipidemia

The effects of excessive cortisol production include?

immune suppression

When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow?

increases

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it _____ pressure.

increases capillary hydrostatic

The tumor suppressor protein pRb normally functions to

inhibit p53 activity

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all of the following except?

initiation/ allostasis

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include?

intermittent claudication

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of?

intrinsic factor

What is necessary for red blood cell production?

iron

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

iron deficiency

The most common cause of anemia is

iron deficiency

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by?

kidney

The TNM tumor classification system describes?

locations of tumors in the body

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, G.P. is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor is?

malignant

The effects of stress on the immune system?

may involve enhancements or impairment of the immune system.

A disorder of unknown cause is?

Idiopathic

Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by?

Autonomic Nervous System

What gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer?

BRCA1

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3° F, skin rash, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness.

C.Q has a streptococcal infection

A disease spread to large geographic areas? example pangea

Pandemic

What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

Resistance increases by a factor of 16

A set of symptoms that occur together is a?

Syndrome

Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring serum?

bilirubin

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of?

tertiary prevention

The pRB and p53 proteins are examples of tumor suppressor gene products.

true