Chapters 1, 4, 7, 13, 15 -Pathophysiology Midterm Review
velocity of blood flow is measured in?
centimeters per-second
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by?
norepinephrine
The strength of the bond between O2 and hemoglobin is known as the?
oxygen-hemoglobin affinity
The primary role of the baroreceptor reflex is to regulate?
perfusion pressure
An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of?
secondary prevention
An increase in hemoglobin affinity for O2 occurs with?
shifts to the left -> alkalosis
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease process are well established, is referred to as?
subclinical because of the absence of clinical manifestations.
Indicators that an individual is experiencing stress include all of the following?
tachycardia, increased-peripheral resistance, diaphoresis, pupil dilation
Tissues are able to autoregulate their rate of blood flow by controlling?
vascular resistance
Peripheral edema is a result of?
venous thrombosis
A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?
Lung cancer has about a balnk% cure rate.
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of which of the following from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor suppressor gene
What cause vasoconstriction?
Norepinephrine
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as a?
bicarbonate ion
The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is?
measures to improve oxygenation
Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia because they are both?
microcytic
Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in?
permanent damage and death. because the body will suffer undue wear and tear and become unresponsive
Deep vein thrombosis is managed with heparin to
prevent further clot formation
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of?
primary prevention
A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is?
pulmonary embolus
What is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?
purpura
The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of?
resistance
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of?
secondary prevention
A disease that is continuously present in a particular region?
Endemic
A disease spread to many people?
Epidemic
Which condition enhances lymphatic flow?
Increased capillary oncotic pressure
Which of the following normally is not secreted in response to stress? Norepinephrine, cortisol, epinephrine, or insulin.
Insulin
Your parient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. Which response is correct?
It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.
Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?
Jaundice
The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation?
P = QR
Allostasis is best defined as?
The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well being.
What laboratory findings would usually be found in aplastic anemia?
Thrombocytopenia
Which of the following is Not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
Which of the following clinical findings is indicative of compartment syndrome?
absent peripheral pulses
All of the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except?
antidiuretic hormone
Proto-oncogenes?
are normal cellular genes that promote growth
Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow?
arterioles
Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer is
cigarette smoking
In general, with aging, organ size and function?
decrease
What is the best prognosis for for the cure of cancer?
early detection
A laboratory test that would be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is?
elevated total iron-binding capacity
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
emergency reaction to stressful situations; alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion (ARE bad)
The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is?
energy and repair
The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is?
erythropoietin administration
Red blood cells obtain nearly all of their energy from metabolism of?
glucose
Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs probably have?
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body because they?
have no cytoplasmic organelles
Blood flow is slow through capillaries because they?
have the largest total cross-sectional area
Which condition is associated with elevated reticulocyte count?
hemolytic anemia
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include?
hyperlipidemia
The effects of excessive cortisol production include?
immune suppression
When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow?
increases
Venous obstruction leads to edema because it _____ pressure.
increases capillary hydrostatic
The tumor suppressor protein pRb normally functions to
inhibit p53 activity
Selye's three phases of the stress response include all of the following except?
initiation/ allostasis
Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include?
intermittent claudication
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of?
intrinsic factor
What is necessary for red blood cell production?
iron
A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
iron deficiency
The most common cause of anemia is
iron deficiency
The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by?
kidney
The TNM tumor classification system describes?
locations of tumors in the body
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, G.P. is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor is?
malignant
The effects of stress on the immune system?
may involve enhancements or impairment of the immune system.
A disorder of unknown cause is?
Idiopathic
Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by?
Autonomic Nervous System
What gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer?
BRCA1
C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3° F, skin rash, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness.
C.Q has a streptococcal infection
A disease spread to large geographic areas? example pangea
Pandemic
What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?
Resistance increases by a factor of 16
A set of symptoms that occur together is a?
Syndrome
Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring serum?
bilirubin
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of?
tertiary prevention
The pRB and p53 proteins are examples of tumor suppressor gene products.
true