Chapters 12, 13 and 14 Study Guide Exam Review Questions

Ventral root

Branch of the spinal nerve that contains axons of motor neurons

Dorsal root

Branch of the spinal nerve that contains axons of sensory neurons

Dorsal root ganglion

Branch of the spinal nerve that contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Dendrites

Branched cell process of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and that covers 80-90% of neuron surface area

Collaterals

Branches of a single axon

Nissl bodies

Dense areas of RER and ribosomes that makes neural tissue appear gray (grey matter) of a neuron

Left hemisphere: left brain dominant controls reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language Right Hemisphere: senses and recognition

Describe hemispheric lateralization of the cerebrum

Parasympathetic

Division of the ANS that has a relaxing effect

Sympathetic Division

Division of the ANS that has a stimulating effect

Efferent Division

Division of the PNS that carries motor commands from the CNS to PNS muscles and glands

Afferent Division

Division of the PNS that carries sensory information from sensory receptors PNS to CNS

Telodendria

Fine extensions of a distal axon

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Neurotransmitter in the CNS that has an inhibitory effect, is not well understood

Muscles Spindles

What are the receptors of stretch reflexes?

Neurons and Neuroglia Difference: Neurons are cells that send and receive signals while neuroglia cells support and protect neurons

What are the two types of cells present in a neuron? What is the difference between the two?

Opening a sodium channel in the axon membrane

What causes depolarization?

K: electrical gradient opposes the chemical gradient and forces these ions out of the cell;if membrane was permeable to this the outflow of K would continue until -90mV was reached Na: normal resting membrane potential chemical and electrical gradients combine to drive sodium ions into the cell ; freely permeable (66+)

What contribution does Na and K make to resting potential of a neuron?

Potassium ions move out of the cell

What happens during repolarization of a neuron

Cerebrospinal Fluid

What is carries dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes?

Electrical Gradient: separates charges of positive and negative ions and results in potential difference Chemical: concentration gradient of ions Electrochemical gradient: sum of chemical and electrical forces across a membrane= potential energy

What is the electrical gradient of a neuron? Chemical and electrochemical gradient?

-70 mV

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

The limbic system

What part of the brain is involves in emotion?

Cranial Meniges Dural mater Arachnoid mater: covers brain Pia mater: attached to the brain by astrocytes

What protects the brain from cranial trauma?

axon

What structure is capable of propagating an electrical impulse

Cholinergic

What type of synapse releases acetylcholine

1. Ependymal 2. Astrocytes 3. Oligodendrites 4. Microglia

What types of neuroglia are present in the CNS?

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

What types of neuroglia are present in the PNS?

Loss of somatic motor control

What would injury to the anterior gray horn cause?

L1-2

Where does the tail-end of the spinal cord in an adult lie?

Synapses

Area where a neuron communicates with another cell

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

cranial nerve whose primary function is mixed sensory and motor to face

Cauda Equina

nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

Norepinephrine (NE)

neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain (CNS) and portions of the ANS that has a excitatory effect

Action Potential

propagated changes in transmembrane potential; affects an entire excitable membrane; also known as a nerve impulse

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter in the CNS that affects attention and emotional states

Depolarization

A shift in transmembrane potential towards 0mV

Graded potential= local potentials

Changes in transmembrane potential; it cannot spread far from the site of stimulation; any stimulus that opens a gated channel

Abducens Nerves(VI)

Cranial Nerve who primary functions motor (eye movements0 specifically the lateral rectus muscle

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

Cranial Nerve whose primary function is motor eye movements superior oblique muscle

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

Cranial nerve that controls 4 of six eye movement muscles

Vagus (X)

Cranial nerve that is mixed and that is widely distributed in the thorax and abdomen

Facial Nerves VII

Cranial nerve that is mixed sensory and motor to face

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

Cranial nerve whose primary function is mixed sensory and motor to the head and neck

Hypoglosssal Nerve (XII)

Cranial nerve whose primary function is motor muscles of the tongue

Accessory Nerve (XI)

Cranial nerve whose primary function is motor to muscles of neck and upper back

Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)

Cranial nerve whose primary function is special sensory (balance and equilibrium and hearing)

Olfactory Nerve (I)

Cranial nerve whose primary function is special sensory smell

Optic nerve (II)

Cranial nerve whose primary function is special sensory vision

Axoplasm

Cytoplasm of axon

Autonomic Nervous System

Efferent division of the PNS that control subconscious actions and contractions of smooth cardiac muscles and glandular secretions

Somatic Nervous System

Efferent division of the PNS that controls skeletal muscle contractions & voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions

Cervical Nerves: named for inferior vertebra All other nerves: named for superior vertebra

Explain the numbering system of spinal nerves

Volume would increase

How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid?

choroid plexus Circulation: From choroid plexus to fill central canal of spinal cord, leaks into subarachnoid space through aperture in roof of the fourth ventricle. CSF flows surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and caudal equina

In the brain, where is cerebrospinal fluid production and location?

Gyri Sulci Fissures

In the cerebrum: Elevated ridges Shallow depressions Deep Grooves

Pia Mater

Inner menigeal layer of the spinal cord

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain that controls higher mental functions and is divided into right and left hemispheres

1. Deliver sensory information to the CNS 2. Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

List 2 functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

process and coordinate: sensory data motor commands higher functions of the brain

List 3 functions of the Central Nervous System

Preserves physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue and are essential to survival and function of neurons

List neuroglia functions

1. Depolarization to threshold (-60mV) 2.Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization; Na+ rush into cytoplasm & inner membrane changes from negative to positive (voltage gated Na+ channels) 3.Innactivation of sodium channels; activation of potassium channels (+30MV) 4. Closing Potassium Channel:return to normal permeability (K+ channels close & transmembrane potential returns to a resting level through leak channels)

List the steps of action potential (4 steps) What are the channels involved?

Basal Nuclei

Masses of gray matter embedded in white matter of the cerebrum that directs subconscious activities

Arachnoid mater

Middle menigeal layer of the spinal cord

White matter contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons Gray matter contains unmyelinated axons

Name a difference between white and gray matter.

1. Mesencephalon 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata

Name the 3 parts of that make up the brain stem: 1. Maintains consciousness & processes sight, sound and associated reflexes 2.Invovled in somatic and visceral motor control 3. connects brain to spinal cord, relays information, and regulates autonomic functions

1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor 2. Activation of a sensory neuron 3. Information processing in CNS 4. Activation of a motor neuron 5. Response by effector

Name the 5 steps of a neural reflex

1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon 4. Mesencephalon 5. Pons 6. Medulla Oblongata

Name the 6 major regions of the brain

1. Cervical plexus: C1-C5 shoulder and neck 2. Brachial plexus: C5-T1 upper limb and pectoral girdle 3. Lumbar plexus: T12-L4 anterior thigh and anterior medial leg 4.Sacral plexus: L4-S4 buttock, posterior thigh & virtually all of leg and foot

Name the four major plexuses of ventral rami

1. Thalmus 2. Hypothalmus 3. Pituitary gland, pineal gland & choroid plexus

Name the parts of the diencephalon

Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Pathways Motor Pathways: Somatic (voluntary) Autonomic (involuntary: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

Name the two divisions of the Nervous system

Afferent: sensory Efferent: motor

Nerve carries? Afferent? Efferent?

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter in CNS that can either by excitatory or inhibitory; involved in Parkinsons disease and cocaine use

Dura mater

Outer layer of the spinal cord

Axons

Part of a neuron that is the long cell extension; it carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

Diencephalon

Part of the brain that is located under the cerebrum and cerebellum and that links the cerebrum with the brain stem

1. Thalmus 2. Hypothalmus 3. Pituitary gland

Parts of the Diencephalon: 1. relays and processes sensory information 2. Hormone production, emotion and autonomic function 3. Major endocrine gland that connects to hypothalamus via infundibulum and that interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

Myelination

Process that increases the speed of action potentials, insulates axons and makes neurons appear white (white matter)

Saltatory Propagation

Propagation of action potential of myelinated axons; faster and less energy used

Continous Propagation

Propagation of action potential of unmyelinated axons

Contralateral reflex arcs

Reflex arc that involves the crossed extensor reflexes and occur on side opposite stimulus

Ipsilateral reflex arcs Ex: stretch, tendon and withdraw reflexes

Reflex arc that occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus. Provide examples

Polysynaptic Reflex

Reflex where at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron

Monosynaptic Reflex Example: patellar reflex

Reflex where sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron and it has the least delay between sensory input and motor output; Example?

Cerebellum

Second largest part of brain that coordinates body movement, has two hemispheres and that is covered with cerebellar cortex

Subarachnoid space

Space in spinal cord between arachnoid and pia mater; this is also filled with CSF

Subdural Space

Space in the spinal cord between arachnid and dura mater

Axolemma

Specialized cell membrane

Neuromuscular junction

Synapse between a neuron and a muscle

Neuroglandular junction

Synapse between a neuron and gland

Adrenergic

Synapses that release NE

Axioplasmic Transport; kinesin and dynein

Transport of neurotransmitter along neurotubules; what provides the energy for movement along neurotubules?

Conus medullaris

The tapering end of the spinal cord

Synaptic Terminals

Tips of telodendria

Filum terminale

thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of conus modulars