Chapters 12, 13 and 14 Study Guide Exam Review Questions
Ventral root
Branch of the spinal nerve that contains axons of motor neurons
Dorsal root
Branch of the spinal nerve that contains axons of sensory neurons
Dorsal root ganglion
Branch of the spinal nerve that contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
Dendrites
Branched cell process of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and that covers 80-90% of neuron surface area
Collaterals
Branches of a single axon
Nissl bodies
Dense areas of RER and ribosomes that makes neural tissue appear gray (grey matter) of a neuron
Left hemisphere: left brain dominant controls reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language Right Hemisphere: senses and recognition
Describe hemispheric lateralization of the cerebrum
Parasympathetic
Division of the ANS that has a relaxing effect
Sympathetic Division
Division of the ANS that has a stimulating effect
Efferent Division
Division of the PNS that carries motor commands from the CNS to PNS muscles and glands
Afferent Division
Division of the PNS that carries sensory information from sensory receptors PNS to CNS
Telodendria
Fine extensions of a distal axon
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Neurotransmitter in the CNS that has an inhibitory effect, is not well understood
Muscles Spindles
What are the receptors of stretch reflexes?
Neurons and Neuroglia Difference: Neurons are cells that send and receive signals while neuroglia cells support and protect neurons
What are the two types of cells present in a neuron? What is the difference between the two?
Opening a sodium channel in the axon membrane
What causes depolarization?
K: electrical gradient opposes the chemical gradient and forces these ions out of the cell;if membrane was permeable to this the outflow of K would continue until -90mV was reached Na: normal resting membrane potential chemical and electrical gradients combine to drive sodium ions into the cell ; freely permeable (66+)
What contribution does Na and K make to resting potential of a neuron?
Potassium ions move out of the cell
What happens during repolarization of a neuron
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What is carries dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes?
Electrical Gradient: separates charges of positive and negative ions and results in potential difference Chemical: concentration gradient of ions Electrochemical gradient: sum of chemical and electrical forces across a membrane= potential energy
What is the electrical gradient of a neuron? Chemical and electrochemical gradient?
-70 mV
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
The limbic system
What part of the brain is involves in emotion?
Cranial Meniges Dural mater Arachnoid mater: covers brain Pia mater: attached to the brain by astrocytes
What protects the brain from cranial trauma?
axon
What structure is capable of propagating an electrical impulse
Cholinergic
What type of synapse releases acetylcholine
1. Ependymal 2. Astrocytes 3. Oligodendrites 4. Microglia
What types of neuroglia are present in the CNS?
Schwann cells and Satellite cells
What types of neuroglia are present in the PNS?
Loss of somatic motor control
What would injury to the anterior gray horn cause?
L1-2
Where does the tail-end of the spinal cord in an adult lie?
Synapses
Area where a neuron communicates with another cell
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
cranial nerve whose primary function is mixed sensory and motor to face
Cauda Equina
nerve roots extending below conus medullaris
Norepinephrine (NE)
neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain (CNS) and portions of the ANS that has a excitatory effect
Action Potential
propagated changes in transmembrane potential; affects an entire excitable membrane; also known as a nerve impulse
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter in the CNS that affects attention and emotional states
Depolarization
A shift in transmembrane potential towards 0mV
Graded potential= local potentials
Changes in transmembrane potential; it cannot spread far from the site of stimulation; any stimulus that opens a gated channel
Abducens Nerves(VI)
Cranial Nerve who primary functions motor (eye movements0 specifically the lateral rectus muscle
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
Cranial Nerve whose primary function is motor eye movements superior oblique muscle
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
Cranial nerve that controls 4 of six eye movement muscles
Vagus (X)
Cranial nerve that is mixed and that is widely distributed in the thorax and abdomen
Facial Nerves VII
Cranial nerve that is mixed sensory and motor to face
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Cranial nerve whose primary function is mixed sensory and motor to the head and neck
Hypoglosssal Nerve (XII)
Cranial nerve whose primary function is motor muscles of the tongue
Accessory Nerve (XI)
Cranial nerve whose primary function is motor to muscles of neck and upper back
Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)
Cranial nerve whose primary function is special sensory (balance and equilibrium and hearing)
Olfactory Nerve (I)
Cranial nerve whose primary function is special sensory smell
Optic nerve (II)
Cranial nerve whose primary function is special sensory vision
Axoplasm
Cytoplasm of axon
Autonomic Nervous System
Efferent division of the PNS that control subconscious actions and contractions of smooth cardiac muscles and glandular secretions
Somatic Nervous System
Efferent division of the PNS that controls skeletal muscle contractions & voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions
Cervical Nerves: named for inferior vertebra All other nerves: named for superior vertebra
Explain the numbering system of spinal nerves
Volume would increase
How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus Circulation: From choroid plexus to fill central canal of spinal cord, leaks into subarachnoid space through aperture in roof of the fourth ventricle. CSF flows surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and caudal equina
In the brain, where is cerebrospinal fluid production and location?
Gyri Sulci Fissures
In the cerebrum: Elevated ridges Shallow depressions Deep Grooves
Pia Mater
Inner menigeal layer of the spinal cord
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain that controls higher mental functions and is divided into right and left hemispheres
1. Deliver sensory information to the CNS 2. Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
List 2 functions of the Peripheral Nervous System
process and coordinate: sensory data motor commands higher functions of the brain
List 3 functions of the Central Nervous System
Preserves physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue and are essential to survival and function of neurons
List neuroglia functions
1. Depolarization to threshold (-60mV) 2.Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization; Na+ rush into cytoplasm & inner membrane changes from negative to positive (voltage gated Na+ channels) 3.Innactivation of sodium channels; activation of potassium channels (+30MV) 4. Closing Potassium Channel:return to normal permeability (K+ channels close & transmembrane potential returns to a resting level through leak channels)
List the steps of action potential (4 steps) What are the channels involved?
Basal Nuclei
Masses of gray matter embedded in white matter of the cerebrum that directs subconscious activities
Arachnoid mater
Middle menigeal layer of the spinal cord
White matter contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons Gray matter contains unmyelinated axons
Name a difference between white and gray matter.
1. Mesencephalon 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata
Name the 3 parts of that make up the brain stem: 1. Maintains consciousness & processes sight, sound and associated reflexes 2.Invovled in somatic and visceral motor control 3. connects brain to spinal cord, relays information, and regulates autonomic functions
1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor 2. Activation of a sensory neuron 3. Information processing in CNS 4. Activation of a motor neuron 5. Response by effector
Name the 5 steps of a neural reflex
1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon 4. Mesencephalon 5. Pons 6. Medulla Oblongata
Name the 6 major regions of the brain
1. Cervical plexus: C1-C5 shoulder and neck 2. Brachial plexus: C5-T1 upper limb and pectoral girdle 3. Lumbar plexus: T12-L4 anterior thigh and anterior medial leg 4.Sacral plexus: L4-S4 buttock, posterior thigh & virtually all of leg and foot
Name the four major plexuses of ventral rami
1. Thalmus 2. Hypothalmus 3. Pituitary gland, pineal gland & choroid plexus
Name the parts of the diencephalon
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Pathways Motor Pathways: Somatic (voluntary) Autonomic (involuntary: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)
Name the two divisions of the Nervous system
Afferent: sensory Efferent: motor
Nerve carries? Afferent? Efferent?
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter in CNS that can either by excitatory or inhibitory; involved in Parkinsons disease and cocaine use
Dura mater
Outer layer of the spinal cord
Axons
Part of a neuron that is the long cell extension; it carries electrical signal (action potential) to target
Diencephalon
Part of the brain that is located under the cerebrum and cerebellum and that links the cerebrum with the brain stem
1. Thalmus 2. Hypothalmus 3. Pituitary gland
Parts of the Diencephalon: 1. relays and processes sensory information 2. Hormone production, emotion and autonomic function 3. Major endocrine gland that connects to hypothalamus via infundibulum and that interfaces nervous and endocrine systems
Myelination
Process that increases the speed of action potentials, insulates axons and makes neurons appear white (white matter)
Saltatory Propagation
Propagation of action potential of myelinated axons; faster and less energy used
Continous Propagation
Propagation of action potential of unmyelinated axons
Contralateral reflex arcs
Reflex arc that involves the crossed extensor reflexes and occur on side opposite stimulus
Ipsilateral reflex arcs Ex: stretch, tendon and withdraw reflexes
Reflex arc that occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus. Provide examples
Polysynaptic Reflex
Reflex where at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron
Monosynaptic Reflex Example: patellar reflex
Reflex where sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron and it has the least delay between sensory input and motor output; Example?
Cerebellum
Second largest part of brain that coordinates body movement, has two hemispheres and that is covered with cerebellar cortex
Subarachnoid space
Space in spinal cord between arachnoid and pia mater; this is also filled with CSF
Subdural Space
Space in the spinal cord between arachnid and dura mater
Axolemma
Specialized cell membrane
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse between a neuron and a muscle
Neuroglandular junction
Synapse between a neuron and gland
Adrenergic
Synapses that release NE
Axioplasmic Transport; kinesin and dynein
Transport of neurotransmitter along neurotubules; what provides the energy for movement along neurotubules?
Conus medullaris
The tapering end of the spinal cord
Synaptic Terminals
Tips of telodendria
Filum terminale
thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of conus modulars