Chapters 12 & 15
a
At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates: A. social facilitation. B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. the bystander effect. D. group polarization.
b
In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called a. social loafing b. deindivuation c. groupthink d. group polarization
b
In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the social-cognitive perspective can you cite? A. People do not act with predictable consistency and behavior varies from one situation to the next. B. This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits. C. This perspective focuses too much on the personality traits and fails to consider the situation. D. This perspective has not built on psychological research on learning and cognition.
d
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis on a. development throughout the life span b. the collective unconscious c. the role of the id d. social interactions
b
In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates: A. the bystander effect. B. the chameleon effect. C. social loafing. D. the mere exposure effect.
b
In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes everything EXCEPT: A. acceptance. B. altruism. C. empathy. D. genuineness.
d
Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of: A. self-actualization. B. factor analysis. C. free association. D. reciprocal determinism.
c
All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for: A. catharsis. B. self-actualization. C. self-esteem. D. unconditional positive regard.
d
Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the actions of the other country as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates: A. the just-world phenomenon. B. the mere exposure effect. C. deindividuation. D. mirror-image perceptions.
d
People who are happily married will attribute a spouse's cutting remarks _____________, whereas people who are NOT happily married will attribute such remarks _____________. A. to a permanent condition; to a short-lived circumstance B. to a stable personality trait; to a misunderstanding C. to a mean disposition; to a temporary situation D. to a temporary situation; to a mean disposition
a
People with an internal locus of control ____________ than do people with an external locus of control. A. People with an internal locus of control experience all of these things. B. feel less depressed C. achieve more in school D. enjoy better health
b
People's scores on personality tests are only mildly predictive of their behavior. Such tests best predict a. a person's behavior on a specific occasion b. a person's average behavior across many situations c. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness. d. behavior that depends on the situation or context.
c
Personality inventories are long questionnaires that ask people to report their characteristic feelings and behaviors. One famous personality inventory is the a. extraversion-introversion scale b. person-situation inventory c. mmpi d. rorschach
d
Personality inventories are to _______________ as projective tests are to _______________. A. standardization; validity B. subjective scoring; objective scoring C. validity; standardization D. objective scoring; subjective scoring
c
Social facilitation-- improved performance in the presence of others-- occurs with a. any physical task b. new learning c. a well-learned task d. competetive sports or activities only
b
Social psychologists have attempted to define the circumstances that facilitate conflict resolution. One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups superordinate goals, which are, a. the goals of friendly competition b. shared goals that override differences c. goals for winning at negotiations d. goals for increasing conflict through reduced contact
b
The fundamental attribution error involves: A. losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. B. underestimating situational influences on another's behavior. C. performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others. D. becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion.
a
The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of: A. individualism. B. pessimism. C. factor analysis. D. personality testing
b
The mere exposure effect helps explain why proximity is a powerful predictor of friendship and marriage, and why, for example, people tend to marry someone a. about as attractive as themselves b. who lives or works nearby c. with whom they enjoy self-disclosure d. with whom they have an equitable relationship
c
When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience a. learned helplessness b. an external locus of control c. an internal locus of control d. reciprocal determinism
a
When people are open with their own feelings, drop their facades, and are self-disclosing, they are displaying: A. genuineness. B. empathy. C. unconditional positive regard. D. altruism.
c
When people are part of a group working toward a common goal, their individual efforts are diminished. Latane' and his colleagues called this a. minority influence b. social facilitation c. social loafing d. group polarization
b
When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may: A. seek out explanations for their errors. B. react violently. C. be less likely to criticize others. D. retreat.
b
When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting: A. reciprocal determinism. B. conformity. C. the mere exposure effect. D. the self-serving bias.
b
When we are frustrated, prejudice provides an outlet for our anger and gives us someone to blame. This effect is best described by a. ingroup bias b. scapegoat theory c. vivid case theory d. the just world phenomenon
a
When we perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called: A. social facilitation B. social loafing C. normative social influence D. deindividuation
b
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors? a. conscientiousness b. anxiety c. extraversion d. agreeableness
a
Which of the following is not part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events. b. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations. c. Parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge. d. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills.
d
While visiting the Bergin-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of: A. mere exposure effect. B. the social responsibility norm. C. deindividuation. D. the just-world phenomenon.
b
While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates: A. the mere exposure effect. B. the bystander effect. C. group polarization. D. the fundamental attribution error.
a
While you disagree with your boss, you laugh at the joke anyway to gain her approval. Your behavior illustrates: A. normative social influence. B. the mere exposure effect. C. mirror-image perceptions. D. informational social influence.
d
You are an expert witness for the defense results of the MMPI. Opposing counsel asks you if this is an objective instrument. You respond by saying: A. "It works better on males than on females." B. "According to a National Research Council report, the popularity of this test says it is." C. "It works better on females than on males." D. "Objectivity does not guarantee validity."
d
You are trying to convince your parents to send you to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as: A. motivated forgetting. B. cognitive dissonance. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b
You decide to make a positive change in your life. Instead of going to work with a frown on your face, you will force yourself to smile when you walk in the door. According to _____________, by altering your behavior you stand a good chance of changing your attitude. A. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon B. the attitudes-follow-behavior principle C. place theory D. the hindsight bias
a
You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you are the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why? A. cognitive dissonance theory B. two-factor theory C. social exchange theory D. equity theory
a
You imaging the self you want to be—a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming—a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of: A. possible selves. B. reciprocal determinism. C. the spotlight effect. D. the self-serving bias.
d
You stop for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. You are convinced that she should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to: A. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. B. the gender-typing bias. C. confirmation bias. D. the fundamental attribution error.
d
Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to: A. commit the self-serving bias. B. focus on others. C. feel what the spotlight effect is like. D. try out many possible selves.
d
_____________ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events. A. Algorithms B. Attributions C. Perceptions D. Attitudes
b
which is more durable and more likely to influence behavior? a. peripheral route b. central route persuasion
c
A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography a. has little effect on most viewers b. is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes. c. leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations d. has no effect, other than short-term arousal and entertainment
b
A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates: A. social facilitation. B. group polarization. C. deindividuation. D. the bystander effect.
a
A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when he is individually accountable than when he is working with others toward a common goal. This is known as: A. social loafing B. deindividuation C. normative social influence D. social facilitation
a
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following? A. Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard. B. Ask them if they have met all of their self-esteem and self-actualization needs. C. Compliment them often even if the compliments are insincere. D. Look at the way their behavior is influenced by environmental factors.
b
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by: A. instincts. B. a hierarchy of needs. C. optimal arousal. D. drive reduction.
c
According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the _______, seeks to gratify the impulses of the ________ in more acceptable ways. a. id; ego b. ego;superego c. ego;id d. id; superego
b
According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of: A. hypnosis. B. psychosexual development. C. projective testing. D. free association.
a
According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are: A. genuineness, acceptance, and empathy B. high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy C. high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance D. honesty, sincerity, and empathy
b
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, such as the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to a. dormant sexual feelings b. fixation in that stage c. preconscious blocking of impulses d. a distorted gender identity
a
After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her situation. Her reaction best illustrates: A. learned helplessness. B. an Electra complex. C. defensive self-esteem. D. the spotlight effect.
a
After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle-Eastern person they saw. This behavior is best explained in terms of: A. the scapegoat theory. B. group polarization. C. the mere exposure effect. D. the frustration-aggression principle.
d
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This event supports the two factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions such as passionate love consist of physical arousal plus a. a reward b. proximity c. companionate love d. our interpretation of that arousal
d
Aggression is influenced by biology at the genetic, neural, and biochemical levels. Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is finding that a. aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to culture b. animals can be bred for aggressiveness c. stimulation of an area of the brain's limbic system produces aggressive behavior d. a higher than average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males.
d
Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of: A. an external locus of control. B. reciprocal determinism. C. factor analysis. D. unconscious processes.
d
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as: A. regression. B. projection. C. displacement. D. reaction formation.
c
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are most likely to object to this statement because: A. it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness. B. it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints. C. Critics of Carl Rogers are likely to voice all of these objections. D. it fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction.
b
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of: A. displacement. B. repression. C. the Oedipus complex. D. reaction formation.
a
Cliff is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will ignore his other needs, which include: A. Cliff will ignore all other needs until he satisfies his most basic needs for food and shelter. B. his self-actualization needs C. his need to be loved and to love himself D. his self-esteem needs
d
Cognitive dissonance theory is MOST helpful in understanding the impact of: A. groupthink on social conflict. B. deindividuation on the bystander effect. C. team membership on social loafing. D. role-playing on attitude change.
a
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that we will act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our actions and attitudes clash. The theory explains why a. people who act against their attitudes tend to change their attitudes b. attitudes predict actions when social pressures are minimized c. changing an attitude-- through persuasion-- often fails to result in behavioral changes. d. people are hypocritical, talking one way and acting another
d
Critics say that ________ personality theory is very sensitive to the way people interact with particular situations, but it says little about their enduring traits.
a
Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as: A. unconditional positive regard. B. counterconditioning. C. companionate love. D. confirmation bias.
b
Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to _____________. A. moisture; dryness B. fragility; sturdiness C. the Rorschach; the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) D. the self-serving bias; learned helplessness
d
During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told, "you often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates: A. the spotlight effect. B. an external locus of control. C. the self-reference phenomenon. D. the Barnum effect.
a
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts: A. exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition. B. have greater levels of norepinephrine. C. have lower levels of serotonin. D. exhibit more activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.
b
Everyone is attempting to get onto the Internet at the same time despite the fact that the Internet provider has asked people to log on during off-peak hours. This best illustrates the dynamics of: A. the mere exposure effect. B. a social trap. C. social facilitation. D. the fundamental attribution error.
b
Freud believed that all defense mechanisms distort or disguise relaity, and all are a. conscious b. unconscious c. preconsious d. rationalizations
b
Freud believed that we may block from consciousness the thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories that are unbearably painful or unacceptable. He called this unconscious process a. free association b. repression c. anxiety d. identification
b
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the _______, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments. a. ego b. superego c. id d. collective unconscious
b
In a follow-up obedience experiment, Milgram used 40 new teachers to determine whether participants obeyed because the learners' protests were not convincing. Once again, the new teachers complied fully ________ percent of the time. A. 75 B. 65 C. 55 D. 43
d
Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to ______________ as water, sun, and nutrients are to ______________. A. self-concept; unconditional positive regard B. self-love; self-esteem C. therapy; therapist D. positive growth in humans; the growth of healthy trees
b
Groupthink is fueled by a desire for: A. passionate love. B. harmony. C. cognitive dissonance. D. self-disclosure.
b
Gussie and Max have been happily married for 54 years. This morning, however, Gussie made an unkind remark about Max's table manners. Given research findings on marital satisfaction and attribution, what did Max think of this comment? A. "She has a negative personality disorder." B. "She must be having a bad day." C. "She is always on my case; she is such an unforgiving person." D. "She is a perfectionist with no patience."
b
He attributes differences in children's shyness and inhibition to their autonomic nervous system reactivity. A. Eysenck B. Kagan C. Briggs D. Myers
b
He proposed the social-cognitive perspective. A. Freud B. Bandura C. Rogers D. Maslow
c
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinion. This effect is called a. groupthink b. minority influence c. group polarization d. social facilitation
b
If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, we a. blame the victim b. overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases c. view the world as just d. rationalize inequality
a
If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to a. moral weakness or an addictive personality b. peer pressure c. the easy availability of drugs on city streets d. society's acceptance of drug use
a
In Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when a. the victim was at a distance from the "teacher" b. the victim was closed at hand c. other "teachers" refused to go along with the experimenter d. the "teacher" disliked the victim
c
In Western psychology, the ___________ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality. A. unconscious B. id C. self D. human soul
b
Those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup, are called the: A. a social trap. B. outgroup. C. outer group. D. the just-world phenomenon.
d
Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by: A. repression. B. the Electra complex. C. fixation. D. identification.
d
John and Julie have been married for ten years. Their love is best explained as: A. social love. B. distance love. C. passionate love. D. companionate love.
b
Juan's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them, even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which of the following reasons might be strengthening Juan's conformity to the group? A. He admires the group's status. B. All of these things are contributing to Juan's desire to conform to the group. C. His culture strongly encourages respect for social standards. D. His friends make him feel incompetent sometimes.
b
Julie knows that only she can turn her life around and be responsible for those choices. Julie has a(n): A. self-serving bias. B. internal locus of control. C. external locus of control. D. sense of pessimism.
a
Kayden had to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He is worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach: A. is not very reliable and that it has limited validity. B. is not an personality test. C. is not a projective test. D. is an old test.
d
Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief best illustrate: A. deindividuation. B. the just-world phenomenon. C. the social responsibility norm. D. ingroup bias.
c
People tend to accept responsibility for their successes or good qualities and blame circumstances or luck for their failures. This is an example of a. low self-esteem b. self-actualization c. self-serving bias d. narcissism
a
Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends on luck and that it does not matter if she puts effort into her athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates: A. an external locus of control. B. the Barnum effect. C. self-serving bias. D. the spotlight effect.
d
Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and psychological needs before we seek self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on a. Freudian theory b. his experiences with patients. c. a series of laboratory experiments. d. his study of healthy, creative people.
d
One of the Big Five personality factors is: A. reciprocal determinism. B. self-actualization. C. psychoanalysis. D. agreeableness.
d
Our _________________ is influenced by our biology, our social experiences, and our cognition and personality. A. development B. biopsychosocial approach C. deterministic approach D. behavior
a
People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain: A. the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation. B. why someone's attitude is ever-changing. C. the behavior of close friends. D. animal pack behavior.
d
Projective tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it. The creator of the well-known projective test that uses inkblots as stimuli was a. Alfred Adler b. Karen Horney c. Sigmund Freud d. Hermann Rorschach
a
Psychodynamic theorists and therapists tend to reject Freud's view that sex is the basis of personality. But they would agree with Freud about a. the existence of unconscious mental processes. b. the Oedipus and Electra conplexes. c. the predictive value of Freudian theory d. the superego's role as the executive part of personality
c
Psychologists would use _____________ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance). A. empirically derived testing B. free association C. factor analysis D. projective testing
c
Psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at least to: A. Carl Rogers. B. Sigmund Freud. C. William James. D. Gordon Allport.
c
Raul is a guest in the home of his best friend while he is visiting. What do we know about his traits? A. Raul's traits will be less constrained. B. Raul's traits will be quite visible as he attends carefully to social cues. C. Raul's traits will remain hidden as he attends carefully to social cues. D. Raul will feel extremely comfortable.
c
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if a. the group members have diverse opinions b. the person feels competent and secure c. the person admires the group's status d. no one else will observe the person's behavior
b
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted? a. Life problems cause low self-esteem b. The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect. c. Low self-esteem leads to life problems d. Because of the self-serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self-esteem
b
Seligman's research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had a. the opportunity to escape b. no control over the shocks c. pain or discomfort d. no food or water prior to the shocks.
c
Starke Hathaway is to _____________ as Alfred Binet is to _____________. A. introversion; extraversion B. intelligence; personality C. personality measurement; intelligence measurement D. Austria; France
c
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This demonstrates that aggression can be a. learned through direct rewards b. triggered by exposure to violent media c. learned through observation of aggressive models d. caused by hormonal changes at puberty
b
The _____________ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders. A. trait B. psychoanalytic C. social-cognitive D. humanistic
c
The aspect of x-rated films that most directly influences men's aggression toward women seems to be the a. length of the film b. eroticism portrayed c. depictions of sexual violence d. attractiveness of the actors
c
The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if a. the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance b. no one else is present c. other people are present d. the incident occurs in a deserted or rural area
c
The proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages is: A. oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency. B. oral, anal, latency, phallic, and genital. C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. D. anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital.
a
The social-cognitive perspective proposes that interacting with our environment involves reciprocal determinism, or mutual influences among personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior. An example of an environmental factor is: a. the presence of books in a home. b. a preference for outdoor play c. the ability to read at a fourth-grade level d. the fear of violent action on television
d
The spotlight effect is our tendency to a. perceive ourselves favorably and perceive others unfavorably b. try out many possible selves c. become excessively critical when made to feel insecure. d. overstimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders
b
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called a. self-concept b. unconditional positive regard c. self-actualization d. the "ideal self"
b
There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a: A. deterministic approach. B. biopsychosocial approach. C. developmental approach. D. psychoanalytic approach.
a
This Neo-Freudian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority. A. Adler B. Maslow C. Jung D. Horney
a
This defense mechanism occurs when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. This is known as: A. projection. B. reaction formation. C. rationalization. D. repression.
c
This is the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. A. mere love B. passionate love C. companionate love D. erogenous love
c
Trait theory describes personality in terms of characteristic behavior patterns, or traits, such as agreeableness or extraversion. A pioneering trait theorist was a. Sigmund Freud b. Alfred Adler c. Gordon Allport d. Carl Rogers
a
Two vital ingredients in the deep, affectionate attachment of companionate love are a. equity and self disclosure b. proximity and privacy c. attractiveness and self absorption d. altruism and excitement
d
Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures: A. conscientiousness. B. openness. C. agreeableness. D. extraversion.
b
We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as: A. place theory. B. the chameleon effect. C. cognitive dissonance. D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called a. the fundamental attribution error b. the foot in the door phenomenon c. the behavior follows attitudes principle d. role playing
b
We tend to feel discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as: A. the confirmation bias. B. cognitive dissonance theory. C. motivated forgetting. D. the fundamental attribution error.
d
We tend to feel discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as: A. the fundamental attribution error. B. the confirmation bias. C. motivated forgetting. D. cognitive dissonance theory.
c
What kind of influences are these? a. biological, b. psychological, or c. social-cultural Deindividuation from being in a crowd Challenging environmental factors, such as crowding, heat, and direct provocations Parental models of aggression Minimal Father Involvement Being rejected from a group Exposure to violent media
b
What kind of influences are these? a. biological, b. psychological, or c. social-cultural Dominating behavior (which boosts testosterone levels in the blood) Believing you've drunk alcohol (whether you actually have or not) Frustration Aggressive role models Rewards for aggressive behavior
a
What kind of influences are these? a. biological, b. psychological, or c. social-cultural Genetic Influences Biochemical influences, such as testosterone and alcohol Neural influences, such as severe head injuries
b
When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates: A. the Barnum effect. B. the spotlight effect. C. the self-reference phenomenon. D. reciprocal determinism.
b
When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic appraisal of apternatives, _________ has occurred. a. group polarization b. groupthink c. social facilitation d. deindividuation
d
_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. A. Informational social influence; normative social influence B. Dispositional attributions; situational attributions C. Situational attributions; dispositional attributions D. Normative social influence; informational social influence
d
_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. A. Dispositional attributions B. Informational social influence C. Situational attributions D. Normative social influence
a
discrimination is a negative a. behavior b. attitude
d
earchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of: A. a reactive temperament. B. erogenous zones. C. ethnic background. D. attributional style.
a
prejudice is a negative a. attitude behavior